ve
THE
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY
NEw SOUTH Vy AEs
FOR THE YEAR
Lee
VOL. LITI.
WITH THIRTY-NINE PLATES, ONE PORTRAIT and 173 Text-figures
SYDNEY: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY THE AUSTRALASIAN MEDICAL PUBLISHING CO., LTD., Seamer Street, Glebe, Sydney, and
SOLD BY THE SOCINTY. 1928-1929.
A ry re sli ie
CONTENTS OF PROCEEDINGS, 1928.
PART I (No. 215).
(Issued 16th April, 1928.)
Pages.
Chairman’s Address, delivered at the Fifty-third Annual Meeting, 28th March, 1928 . Brat a iicio an i-viii Presidential Address, a the late PrOeseor co eee B. Is B. ice We ix-xxxi Hlections Ae Hie ORS as RNR ae Xxxi Balance Sheets foe ines year tended 31st Decemben 1927 . Soo) oo oo OSI Go-ahy
PART II (No. 216). (Issued 15th May, 1928.)
Notes on Australian Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species. Part i.
By Charles Oke .. .. Basta eh ai er eeMc i Ah) cea i avn © baths aetna Cake 1- 30 The Loranthaceae of Ani Patias Patt vii. By W. F. Blakely. (Plates i-ix) ante 50 Crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera) from Barrington Tops, N.S.W. By
Charles P. Alexander, F.E.S. (Communicated by I. M. Mackerras,
Wilby Citelilog IB0SCo)) 60 0 5 a 51- 70 The Growth Rings in the Wood oe Australian ‘Avaucariant Goaitere: By
W. D. Francis. (Plates x-xi.) esl or aa A 71- 79 A Review of the Australian Species of Ganysanines iGrehidaccaens By
the Rev. H. M. R. Rupp, B.A., and W. H. Nicholls. (Plate xii.) .. .. 80- 89 A Revision of the Australian Bombyliidae (Diptera). Part i. By
Frederick H. S. Roberts, M.Se. (Four Text-figures.) .. . 90-144 Fossil Plants from Plutoville, Cape York Peninsula. By A. B. Wallon
D.Sc. (Plates xiii-xiv and two Text-figures.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 145-150
PART III (No. 217). (Issued 16th July, 1928.)
The Geology of the South Coast of New South Wales. Part i. The Palaeozoic Geology of the Moruya District. By Ida A. Brown, B.Sc., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Geology. (Plates xv-xviii and four Text-figures.) .. are piuhal eMart deters amd Lay bea Le
The Larva of Hemiphlebia poteciiiis Shine Oden Be R. J. Tillyard,
M.A., Se.D. (Cantab.), D.Se. (Sydney), F.R.S:, F.N.Z. Inst., F.L.S.,
F.G.8., F.E.S., C.M.Z.S. (Thirteen Text-figures. ) Meas ts 193-206 The Physiography of the Cox River Basin. By Frank A. Craft, “BSc.
(Plates xix-xx, and seventeen Text-figures.) Sid, PAREN ak . .. 207-254 Fossil Plants from the Upper Palaeozoic Rocks of New South Wales. By
A. B. Walkom, D.Sc. (Plates xxi-xxiii and one Text-figure.) .. .. 255-269
DOS tig Aue li TD fel { é
iv. CONTENTS.
Revision of the Australian Species of the Genera Curis, Neocuris and Trachys, together with Notes and Descriptions of New Species of other Coleoptera. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S. .. ell) eas eet ater Sen ts
The Australasian Species of the Genus Nemopalpus (Psychodidae, Diptera). By Charles P. Alexander. (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.) (Two Text-figures.) . Ramin Le ARY ih ice,
Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xiv. By J. R. ‘Malloch. (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.) iets
Lepidodendroid Remains from Yalwal, N. SW. Ba wN. ‘B. Wallon: D.Sc. (Plate xxiv.) ae Pee re eee erm ten A Gla) cee Rint ae glace
On the Life-history of Conn o ahs By Thos. L. Bancroft, M.B., Ch.M. (Edin.). (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
PART IV (No. 218). (Issued 15th October, 1928.)
Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xv. By J. R. Malloch. (Communicated by I. M. Mackerras.) (Five Text-figures.) :
Terrestrial Orchids of Barrington Tops, N-S-W. By ie Ban H. M. R. Rupp, B.A. (Five Text-figures. )
Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xvi. By I. R. Moloch: (Communtgnren by I. M. Mackerras.) (Four Text-figures.) PUP rs ween Oho eniy PbS
The Tanyderidae of Australia (Diptera). By Charles P. Alexander. (Communicated by I. M. Mackerras.) (Four Text-figures. )
New Species of Australian HErirhinides (Curculionidae). By Weenie M. Lea, F.H.S. ; i aa Rees a aR
Notes on four little- enepain Siecics of Kanes nos By A. S. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S. (Four Text-figures.) Ate Uncen) MScaUNCIDUE MEH a'r Di eee
Notes on Australian Lycaenidae. Part vi. By G. A. Waterhouse, D.Sc., B.E., F.H.S. (Plate xxv.) ; ; eds, wala Senna aes
A Revision of the Australian Bomibulidae TCpiptenay” Part ii. By Frederick H. S. Roberts, M.Sc. } MR ACH Ona re ERY Vetes atte,
A new Buprestid from Australia. By A. Thery. (Conanamnilenied by AH. J Carter.) (One Text-figure.) :
Fossil Plants from the Esk District, Gusensland By fe B. Walkom, D. Se. (Plates xxvi-xxviii and four Text-figures.) j
Third Contribution towards a new Classification of oniralian Dreniaael By G. Hy Hardy |.
Features of the Vegetative tony ae iho) Wustralian White Baw (Gmelina Leichhardtii). By W. D. Francis. (Plates xxix-xxxi and nine Text-figures.) BEBO Te GL CELI LoTR O? GRR OO eTA ASTRA GIN wesecrnt (Bs
William Aitcheson Haswell. Memorial Notice. (With Portrait.) ..
RARE WViCNone Zito) e
(Issued 14th December, 1928.)
The Life History of Doryanthes excelsa. Part i. Some Heological and Vegetative Features and Spore Production. By I. V. Newman, M.Sc. (Plates xxxii-xxxvy and forty-three Text-figures.)
Pages. 270-290
291-294 295-309 310-314
315-317
319-335 336-342 343-366 367-374 375-396 397-400 401-412 415-455 456-457 458-468 469-473
474-484 485-498
499-538
CONTENTS.
New Australian Mydaidae (Diptera). By I. M. Mackerras, B.Sc., M.B., Ch.M. ‘
Revision of Hesthesis (oabem Gurainyeidaen Vipeether ann an Mesexintion of a new Genus and Species of the Buprestidae. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S. (One Text-figure. )
Notes on Corysanthes and some Species of Pter Oeeuiin aml Ghitostontn: By the Rey. H. M. R. Rupp, B.A. (Four Text-figures. ) Eek Fa
Notes on some Additions to the Glossopteris Flora in New South venleet By A. B. Walkom, D.Se. (Plate xxxvi and thirteen Text-figures. )
The Carboniferous Rocks between Glennies Creek and Muscle Creek, Hunter River District, New South Wales. By G. D. Osborne, B.Sc. (Plate xxxvii and seven Text-figures. )
The Carboniferous Rocks in the Muswellbrook-Scone District, ath Saecial Reference to their Structural Relations. By G. D. Osborne, B.Sc. (Plate xxxviii and two Text-figures. )
Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xvii. By J. R. Malloch. (Communi-
cated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.) (Twelve Text-figures. ) ‘ The Physiography of the Wollondilly River Basin. By F. A. Craft, B. Sp, (Plate xxxix and twelve Text-figures. ) Be A RUN edna TARR Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xviii. By J. R. Malloch. (Communi- cated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
PART VI (No. 220). (Issued 15th February, 1929.)
Abstract of Proceedings Donations and Exchanges List of Members
v. Pages.
539-543
544-550 591-554
555-564
565-587
588-597 598-617 618-650
651-662
XXXV-Xl Vi xlvii-lxiv lxv-lxix
Index Sg HE, — Sint His enc ok TERRE RC Mant). | seo) Ske te OCD Oo aint
vi. CONTENTS.
LIST OF NEW TRIBES, GENERA AND SUBGENERA DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME (1928).
Page. AC OMUOSTINA s (CASIITEAGC)) | 2 eon. sen aha ss Bah te ekeneiy Boies g)-akiais ark bene Mic d Nue ed ee RM A Anthracomyza (Calliphoridae) Sy een ee AT hh eer ye ken | aah) Berisina (Beridinae) pseyl 2 Us gatrcUr y irombatertel u's -on Lusch St Nee REE ETS od RL EO OLE Bitrephes (Ptinidae) BUD aaa CE We Ree ee ey Las te hctts Ma Poem RE Ralam Rin wn ACL Calliplatyura (Ceroplatinae) .. .. .. ete wea ia Tue RAN eR a eels PL OULO) Chaetopiophila (Piophilidae) Be EE RN Rea Soe 0K TAURI a MENT SEPP Rac sy ae Ne aaeapee Naty D. mer (0) CHU RCLIFG (SEO wos) 5, coe oe 66 on a6 a0 od) oo oc oo GH Eupinion (Brachyglutini, Coleoptera) Dah oN pee fh i UAT MCW A gua falta al oc 14 Hupinolus (Brachyglunini, Coleoptera) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. so. 11 Butanyderus’ (Banyderidae iy) Mapa ee in) chy) ee Ie Ut Se) a a eam Limnella (Muscidae) Fou paeiacchelas pis, opqat Ledge Sh aie Gabel aps Weeea ee Limnina (Muscidae) A an ee hoe S Pen Lu Rin ToAPeC Ma RG t.., Beall Matlleecola (Brachyglutini, Coleoptera) AO a OR IG, SAR Ue ee rae 15 NEON ALI NUDOL USI (lay Aiibas COLE OECTA) een nn nnn 22 MN COMUDEL ORG (CEO MENGIMBAQ) 955 se) go 68 660 ba Go, do oo oo. ae oo GOO INGOSOGROVOG OM (CSAS ODOON) 665 co 65 06 20 06 6 ao eo ac oo (GU Neosepedon (Dichaetophora) Dee bs) ER Oe aaa der ay ERROR T Oe Fike So ea) LADO UGS (NMEA TMIMEYS)) 5 kg ng kw op oe oe oon ABE Podanema (Sepsidae) SE TAREE cay, Wied ag BUaNt Sheen Nee Pec Ria: yah st Slee oe eS IESGUUODEDRANES (LDPOROSO ONES) 5, op oc oo on oa ae ao no os oo UY MERU AO CRN UO NEMS) 65 6 so ok eo oe eo . ROR Theryaxia (Buprestidae) S See iles ) aint Ree Tn or cata denim ad rte 7.0) Oa Renn 1.0)
Xenoplatyura (Ceroplatinae) 6 oy WEA MID 1 ateg Metis aia oA A a a (1) ()
CONTENTS. Vii.
LIST OF PLATES.
PROCEEDINGS, 1928.
i-iii—Species of Korthalsella.
iv-vii—Species of Notothizos.
vii-ix.—Species of Viscum.
x-xii—Sections of Araucaria and Agathis.
xii.—Species of. Corysanthes.
xiii-xiv.—Fossil plants from Plutoville, Cape York Peninsula.
xv.— Geological sketch map of the Moruya District.
xvi-xviiiimRocks of the Moruya District.
xix-xx.—Physiography of Cox River Basin. .
xxi-xxiii.—Carboniferous and Permian fossil plants from New South Wales.
xxiv.—Devonian fossil plants from Yalwal.
xxv.—Subspecies of Pseudalmenus and Miletus.
XXVi-xxviliimFossil plants (Triassic) from Hsk.
XXix-xxxi.—Sections of Gmelina Leichhardatii.
XXxXii-xxxv.—_ Doryanthes excelsa.
xxxvi.—Glossopteris shoots, and seeds from N.S.W.
xxxvii.—Geological map of the Carboniferous system between Glennies Creek and Muscle Creek.
XxXxXviilii—Geological map of the Carboniferous rocks in the Muswellbrook-Scone District.
xxxix.—Block diagram of the Wollondilly Basin.
Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page
CORRIGENDA.
14, line 22, for Tyramorphus, read Tyromorphus 35, line 39, for australe, read australis
101, 336, 526, 521, 533, 538 601,
line 40, for sinwatifscia, read sinuatifascia
line 28, for Prasophylum, read Prasophyllum
line 2, for larger, read smaller
line 8 for placenta
in column “Megasporogenesis”’ i or placental
explanation of Plate xxxv, Figs. 23, 28 read receptacle.
line 7, for Calloplatyura read Calliplatyuwra (Note: Calliplatyura takes
precedence, appearing in the key on Page 600)
THE
PROC re ENG.S
OF THE
LINAEAN SOCIETY
OF feo,
New SoutH WALES Z
We
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WEDNESDAY, 28TH Marcu, 1928. The Fifty-third Annual General Meeting, was held at Macleay House, 16 College Street, Sydney, on Wednesday evening, 28th March, 1928.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. Mr. R. H. Cambage, C.B.E., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. The minutes of the preceding Annual General Meeting (30th March, 1927) were read and confirmed.
CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS.
A sad and melancholy circumstance is responsible for the delivery of a Presidential Address to-night when the Society has no President. It was characteristic of the enthusiasm and thoroughness of Professor Harrison that he had completed the manuscript of his Address nearly three months before the time for its delivery and so we are able to listen to his able summary of his own work in connection with some important problems concerning host and parasite.
For the second time in the history of the Society death has snatched a President before the completion of his term of office. In November, 1890, some nine weeks before the Annual Meeting, Professor W. J. Stephens, President of the Society, died after a short severe illness; this year, some five weeks before this Annual Meeting, we were all appalled by the news of the sudden death of Professor L. Harrison whilst enjoying a well-earned holiday at Narooma. The parallelism of the two losses is strikingly lose; each occupied a professorship of Natural History, Professor Stephens havirg the wider designation of Professor of Natural History, Professor Harrison the more specialized one of Professor of Zoology; each had made extremely valuable contributions to Australian Natural History; each had served this Society with distinction in the office of President; and each was revered and beloved by colleagues and friends. It is a remarkable fact that during a short period of three years, seven deaths have occurred of members who have occupied our Presidential Chair—mere contemplation of their names makes us realize our losses: Haswell, Steel, Maiden, Fletcher, Hedley, Ferguson, Harrison.
In March, 1927, Mr. M. F. Albert, who had purchased from the Society the
land: on which stood the Linnean Hall at Elizabeth Bay, approached the Council A
~
7J5) fi
ii CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS.
with the object of obtaining possession of the land before the Society’s lease expired in November, 1928. His proposals were accepted by the Council and arrangements were made to house the Society’s library at the Macleay Museum and to store the bacteriologist’s apparatus and equipment. On 25th May, 1927, the property was formally handed over to Mr. Albert, the Society thus finally relinquishing all title to the land which Sir William Macleay presented to it in October, 1885, for the unexpired balance (about 89 years) of his original lease, and of which the Society purchased the freehold about the end of 1910.
For some time past the possibility of providing a building in which most, if not all, of the scientific societies of Sydney could be housed has been under consideration by a committee composed of representatives of the Institution of Engineers, the Royal Society of New South Wales and our Society. As a first step representations were made to the Government of New South Wales, which has expressed its willingness to provide a site and has offered a piece of land at the corner of Essex and Gloucester Streets. A practicable proposal appears to have been put forward, but negotiations have not yet approached the final stages. In the meantime the Society’s library remains at the Macleay Museum, and until some final decision has been arrived at, your Council will not further consider the plan which it had in view of providing a new building for a hall and library at 16 College Street.
The nineteenth meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science was held at Hobart in January last and proved highly successful, indicating that the good done by the meetings is appreciated both by the public and by scientific workers. Hach of the fifteen sections of the Association held well attended meetings and was fully occupied with papers and discussions.
About June, 1927, the Government of New South Wales issued a proclamation protecting, for a period of one year, certain of the wild flowers. The Govern- ment is to be congratulated on taking this step; it is, however, only a step towards giving our beautiful flowers an opportunity to recover from the many years of unrestrained picking to which they have been subject, and it is to be hoped not only that the period of protection will be extended but that, as necessity arises, the protection will be extended to other species that may be in danger of extermination.
The concluding part of Volume lii of the Society’s Proceedings has been issued. The complete volume (571 plus xcv pages, 50 plates and 372 text-figures) contains thirty-seven papers from twenty-six authors, five of the papers being. contributions from the Society’s research staff. In view of the fact that for the last two years there has been a big accumulation of papers towards the end of the year, as a result of which a number have had to be held over till the following year’s Proceedings, the Council has decided to increase the size of the volume by the issue of an additional part each year. There will now be four parts devoted to the publication of papers, the months of issue being probably May, July, October and December. In this way the Council hopes to keep abreast of the increasing activity of members of the Society.
The addition to Rule vi, agreed to and confirmed at Special General Meetings on 30th March and 27th April, 1927, makes provision for Life Membership of the Society which may be taken advantage of by members who wish to compound their annual subscription.
Exchange relations with scientific societies and institutions have continued to be normal. The number of receipts for the session shows a large increase due,
CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS. ili.
in part, to the resumption of exchanges with some Russian societies and to the receipt of some long series of periodicals in exchange for the Proceedings. The receipts total 2,540 as compared with 1821, 1409 and 1457 for previous sessions. Applications for the establishment of exchange relations continue and during the past twelve months the following societies and institutions have been added to our exchange list:—Department of Mines, Adelaide; Mines Department, Hobart; Geological Survey of the Netherlands Hast Indies, Bandoeng, Java; Musée Royale d’Histoire Naturelle, Brussels; Agricultural Experiment Station, Stockholm; Société des Naturalistes de Kiew, Kiew; State Institute of Experimental Agronomy, Bureau of Applied Entomology, Leningrad; Kossino Biological Station, Moscow; Agricultural Experiment Station, Saratov; Société Hntomologique de Stavropol, Stavropol; San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego. One exchange—with the American Entomological Society—has been discontinued.
The vacancy on the Council caused by the death of Dr. E. W. Ferguson was filled by the election of Mr. A. J. Nicholson, M.Sc.
I have much pleasure in offering the Society’s heartiest congratulations to:—
Mr. E. GC. Andrews on his election as President-elect of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science; Dr. W. G. Woolnough on his appointment as Geological Adviser to the Commonwealth Government; Mr. A. H. K. Petrie on his election to an 1851 Exhibition Travelling Scholarship; Dr. R. J. Tillyard on his appointment as Chief Commonwealth Entomologist; Mr. C. A. Sussmilch on his appointment as Principal of the East Sydney Technical School and Assistant Superintendent of Technical Education; Mr. C. Barnard on his appointment as Assistant Botanist to the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Professor T. G. B. Osborn on his appointment to the Chair of Botany in the University of Sydney; Sir Douglas Mawson on the award to him of the medal of the Société de Géographie, Paris, in recognition of the oceanographical work of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition.
During the past year the names of sixteen members have been added to the list and four names have been removed, two members have resigned and death has taken five members. The number of ordinary members now on the roll is 168. The losses by death have again been very severe, the names being D. F. Cooksey, E. W. Ferguson, L. Harrison, John Mitchell and R. Greig Smith.
In addition to these, four former members have died during the year, viz.: Professor A. Liversidge, an original member who continued his membership till 1907, Messrs. E. R. Waite and T. Whitelegge, both of whom had been members of Council, and Dr. J. M. Petrie, Linnean Macleay Fellow in Biochemistry from 1907 to 1925. Mr. Waite was a member of the Society from 1893 to 1914 and a Councillor from 1904 to 1906; Mr. Whitelegge was elected a member in 1883 and served on the Council from 1890 to 1896.
DANIEL FREDERICK CoOKSEY, who died on 16th September, 1927, after a short illness, was born in London on 10th June, 1864. With his wife and family he came to Australia about seventeen years ago, residing in Victoria for nearly three years. He then came to Sydney and afterwards removed to Mayfield, Newcastle. For the past five years he had been employed in the drawing office of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company in Newcastle. He joined this Society in 1926 but as his residence was so far away he was able to attend few meetings. Whilst in Newcastle he took a keen interest in relics of the aboriginals and being an assiduous collector, he had gathered together a very large number of aboriginal implements and had carefully mapped the areas in the Newcastle District where
iv. CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS.
they occurred. He was a man of some artistic ability and achievement, having studied decorative art in his younger days.
EUSTACE WILLIAM FrErRGusoN, son of the late Rev. John Ferguson, was born at Invercargill, New Zealand, in 1884, and came to Sydney in 1894. He received his early education at various schools in Sydney and entered the University in 1903. In 1908 he graduated M.B., Ch.M., with honours, having, during his course, won Professor Haswell’s prize for Zoology, the Collie prize for Botany and Professor Anderson’s prize for Logic. After graduation he was appointed Resident Medical Officer at Sydney Hospital, and during 1909-10 he served as Pathologist to the Hospital.
In 1911 he went into private practice with Dr. Walton Smith, but after a short time he entered the Public Service, being appointed, in 1912, a medical officer at the Rydalmere Hospital for the Insane. In 1913 he was transferred to the Micro- biological Laboratory of the Department of Public Health but soon afterwards (in 1915) he volunteered for service overseas during the Great War and was for four years attached to the Australian Army Medical Corps in England, France and Palestine. He was for some time in charge of the Anzac Field Laboratory in the Jordan Valley. In 1920, shortly after resuming his work at the Health Department, he was appointed Principal Microbiologist in succession to Dr. J. B. Cleland, who had been appointed to the Chair of Pathology in the University of Adelaide. He was taken ill on 27th November, 1926, and after suffering severely from Bright’s disease for nearly eight months, he died on 18th July, 1927.
Harly in life he evinced a keen interest in entomology and whilst an under- graduate succeeded in collecting many rare beetles on the Blue Mountains and around Sydney. He retained this interest for the remainder of his life, studying particularly a family of ground-weevils (Amycteridae) on which he contributed a series of ten papers to our Proceedings during the years 1909 to 1923, in addition to one paper dealing with the Amycteridae of the Voyage of the Astrolabe, 1835, in 1911. He also combined his entomological interests with his medical work and in this connection became an authority on Australian flies and mosquitoes, and one of the outstanding authorities of his day on medical entomology. He had a very wide knowledge of insects in general, but confined his published original work to a few special groups. His contribution to the study of other groups, however, was no mean one, for he collected widely and submitted many of his collections to other specialists who studied them and published the results of their study. Amongst such may be mentioned the series of Studies on Australian Diptera in our Proceedings, by J. R. Malloch; a large proportion of the material there described was forwarded to Mr. Malloch by Eustace Ferguson. He was a gifted collector, his keen eye and unusually developed powers of close observation making possible for him what would have been impossible for many, namely the collection of groups of insects, so minute in size and so swift in flight that their capture is a matter of no little difficulty. He had also a wide knowledge of Australian birds and often astonished his colleagues by his familiarity with birds which he met for the first time, having previously only known them from books.
He joined our Society in 1908, was elected a member of Council in 1921 and was President for the Session 1926-1927. He was a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales and a Councillor of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, of which he was President for the year 1922-23. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Tropical Medicine. In addition to his eleven papers on Amycteridae he contributed to our Proceedings one on a new species
CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS. v.
of Mycetophilidae and three (in conjunction with colleagues) on Australian Tabanidae.
RoBert GREIG-SMITH, who died at Darlinghurst on 6th August, 1927, was born at Edinburgh in 1866. He was educated at George Watson’s College and in 1890 obtained the degree of Bachelor of Science at the University of Edinburgh, where he had a distinguished course, especially in botany and chemistry. In 1891 he was appointed Lecturer in Agricultural Chemistry at the Durham College of Science at Newcastle-upon-Tyne where, later, by vote of convocation he was awarded the degree of M.Sc. Whilst he was at Durham College he was additional examiner in Agricultural Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh and also in Chemistry and Physics to the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. He obtained continental experience in his subject by studying in the laboratories of Professor Stutzer of Bonn, and Herr Alfred Jorgensen of Copenhagen. He was appointed Macleay Bacteriologist to this Society at a special meeting of Council on 4th March, 1898, and arrived in Sydney in September of the same year, taking up his duties immediately. The fitting up of a laboratory, which had been delayed until his arrival, took some time but it was not long before he was able to settle down to his research, his first paper appearing in Part 4 of the Proceedings for 1899. During the twenty-nine years for which he was Macleay Bacteriologist he contributed 81 papers to the Proceedings, covering a wide range of bacteriological problems, amongst which may be noted those dealing with the Bacterial Flora of the Sydney Water Supply (1900), the Bacterial Origin of Gums of the Arabin Group (1902-04), Contributions to our Knowledge of Soil Fertility (1910-18), the Germicidal Activity of Eucalyptus Oils (1919), the High Temperature Organism of Fermenting Tan-bark (1921-23), the Influence of Colloids upon Fermentation (1924-27), and numerous smaller papers dealing with Slime Bacteria, and the Formation of Slime, and also the Fixation of Nitrogen. In 1903 he attained his doctorate in Science of the University of Edinburgh.
Apart from his research work he took a Keen interest in scientific societies whose range of work covered his own subject, and held office in a number of them. In 1906 he was President of the Pathological Club of Sydney; 1907, President of Section I of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science; 1906-08, Chairman of the Sydney Section of the Society of Chemical Industry; 1915, President, 1925-27, Hon. Secretary, and 1906-1927, member of Council of the Royal Society of New South Wales.
During his term of office he was twice granted extended leave to enable him to visit Europe to keep in touch with the progress of bacteriological work by establishing personal contact with colleagues working on subjects similar to his own. He became ill in the early part of 1927 and the Council granted him six months’ leave in the hope that the rest would enable him to recover but he passed away quietly on 6th August. He leaves behind him a large bulk of research in bacteriology which cannot but be of considerable value to future workers in a subject in which at the present time there are far too few research workers in Australia. :
LAUNCELOT Harrison, the eldest son of the late Dr. Thomas Harrison, of Sydney, was born at Wellington, N.S.W., in 1880. He was educated at the King’s School, Parramatta, where he was head of the school and Broughton Scholar for two years.
In 1911 he entered the University of Sydney and in 1913 graduated Bachelor of Science with first-class Honours and the University Medal in Zoology and Honours in Botany. He won Professor Haswell’s prize for Zoology and Mr.
vi. CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS.
W. S. Dun’s prize for palaeontology during his course. During 1913 and 1914 he was Junior Demonstrator in Zoology and Botany and in 1914 was awarded the John Coutts Scholarship. In the same year he was elected to an 1851 Hxhibition Scholarship and proceeded to Cambridge where he won an exhibition for research at Emmanuel College. In 1916 he gained the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Research), Cambridge. He did a large amount of scientific work in connection with the Great War, working for about fifteen months in the laboratory under Professor Nuttall and in 1916 he went as Advisory Entomologist to the Expeditionary Force in Mesopotamia with the rank of Lieutenant, later being promoted to Captain. The work accomplished in preventing the communication and spread of insect-carried diseases was of the greatest importance and undoubtedly saved a large number of valuable lives. While still on active service he was appointed Lecturer and Demonstrator in Zoology in the University of Sydney in 1918, the position being held for him until he resumed duty in July, 1919. In September, 1920, he was appointed Acting Professor of Zoology and in 1923 became Professor of Zoology, succeeding the late Professor S. J. Johnston. In 1920, he was also appointed Lecturer in Veterinary Parasitology. He took the keenest interest in University affairs apart from his own subject and was President of the Union in 1920-21, and held office in the University Science Society and University Dramatic Society.
While he was at Cambridge he took an active interest in University life and in scientific matters; he was a Vice-President of the Cambridge Union Society and President of the Cambridge Natural History Society. In 1915 he was invited to open a discussion before Section D (Zoology) of the British Association on the general question of host-parasite relations, and in the following year to address the British Ornithologists’ Club, when he propounded a classification of petrels based entirely upon their Mallophagan parasites.
For many years before he entered the University he was interested in Natural History and was an active member of the Field Naturalists’ Club. He was interested in his earlier life especially in external parasites—the Mallophaga in particular—and in birds, but later he had the widest possible interest in general zoology, though perhaps the subject of the relation between host and parasite, in its many aspects, held first place with him till the end.
During the last year or two he was specially interested in the evidence contributed by host-parasite occurrences to the solution of problems of former land connections, particularly between Australia, Antarctica, and South America and made this the subject of a fine address to Section D of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science at Perth in August, 1926. Harrison had all the attributes which go to make a successful University Professor in the widest sense, amongst them a thorough knowledge of his subject and the capacity for imparting that knowledge to others, ability of the highest order for carrying out research, combined with the rare faculty of inspiring and stimulating research in his students, and finally the possession of administrative ability far above the average. He has left his mark on Australian Zoology, not only in his wide accomplishment in research but also in an enthusiastic group of students who have done much research already and give promise of attaining high places among Australian zoologists.
His published work, chiefly on Mallophaga and the relations between host and parasite, is scattered widely in scientific journals; he contributed papers at various times to The American Naturalist, Parasitology, The Ibis, The Proceedings
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of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and The Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in addition to many of the Australian scientific societies. To our Proceedings he contributed only four papers, two of them in conjunction with colleagues.
Joun MircHett, who died on 14th January, 1928, at the War Memorial Hospital, Waverley, Sydney, after having undergone an operation the previous day, was born at Ballieston, near Glasgow, Scotland, in 1848, and came to Australia a year later with his parents, who settled in the Newcastle District, his father having been appointed Under Manager for the Coal and Copper Company’s mine at Victoria Tunnel, Glebe, Newcastle. In 1873 he joined the Department of Public Instruction and received his training at the Fort Street Training School. After teaching for a short time in the Newcastle district he was transferred to Balranald, where he remained for nine years and in 1883 he was moved to Bowning. In 1898 he was appointed to take charge of the Technical College and School of Mines at Newcastle where he remained until his retirement about sixteen years later. Besides administering the affairs of the College, he lectured on a wide range of subjects including Geology, Mineralogy, Chemistry, Assaying and Botany. In 1910 he visited Europe, visiting a number of Technical Colleges and also accompanied the late Sir George Reid to an educational conference in Belgium.
He was a gifted collector, and his collecting days commenced at Balranald where he gathered together a collection of beetles and butterflies. But on his removal to Bowning, a district rich in geological and palaeontological interest, he commenced to turn his attention seriously to Geology and occupied all his spare time in collecting fossils. Spending many years in a locality so rich in fossils he soon amassed a fine collection, which he studied seriously, the results of his studies being published in a series of valuable papers in our Proceedings. His published work was chiefly confined to the two groups Trilobita and Brachiopoda, though in addition he contributed occasional papers on Gasteropods, Pelecypods and more recently he turned his attention to Leaia and the Estheriae. It was on the Trilobites and Brachiopods, however, that his best work was done and on which he was regarded as an authority. On the Trilobites he worked for many years in collaboration with the late R. Etheridge, Jr., and together they published a series of seven important papers in these Proceedings between the years 1890 and 1917. His own papers in the Proceedings numbered seventeen between the years 1886 and 1927, his last paper having been published after he attained the age of 79 years and less than a year before his death.
After his retirement he lived at Waratah in the Newcastle district, and devoted a great deal of time to the collection of fossil insects in the Newcastle Coal Measures. These fossils are not plentiful and a keen eye was necessary for their discovery, but with the born collector’s instinct and patience he managed to gather a fine collection; he also had extensive collections of fossil plants, particularly from the Wianamatta Shales in the vicinity of Narellan and Glenlee and from the Glossopteris-bearing rocks of the Newcastle district.
The year’s work of the Society’s research staff may be summarized thus:
The late Dr. R. Greig-Smith, Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society, continued his investigations into the activity of mineral colloids upon fermentation; a paper containing three further parts of this work appeared in the Procreprnes for 1927. Having been in indifferent health for some time he was, in May, 1927, granted six months leave of absence in the hope that he would regain his normal health, put his illness was terminated suddenly by his death on 6th August, 1927.
Vili. CHAIRMAN’S ADDRESS.
Dr. I. M. Mackerras, Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology, was given leave of absence in January, 1927, to carry on work at the Bureau of Microbiology during the absence of Dr. E. W. Ferguson. After Dr. Ferguson’s lamentable death, Dr. Mackerras was offered a permanent appointment which he accepted and resigned his Fellowship on 30th September. Actually then he did not carry out any research as a Linnean Macleay Fellow during the past year, but he submitted two papers on mosquitoes containing the results of his previous year’s research as a Fellow and these appear in the ProcreEpines for 1927.
Miss May M. Williams, Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Botany, has continued her observations on the gametogenesis and life-history of Bryopsis plumosa. She was successful in obtaining fertilization of the female gamete and germination of the zygospore thus formed, and was able to study the various stages in detail. She also commenced a study of Hctocarpus, spending some time on the literature relating to this and allied genera, having in view an investigation of the formation of unilocular and multilocular sporangia.
Miss Ida A. Brown, Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Geology, spent the earlier part of the year in the laboratory, working on specimens collected previously in the Moruya district and on the preparation of her geological map. She then spent some time in the district in order to complete the mapping, and studied in particular the relationships of the Early Palaeozoic sediments and the occurrence of the Tertiary beds. Further field work was done in the Tilba-Mt. Dromedary area, to the south of Milton, where she did some preliminary mapping and collecting. Part of the work on the Moruya district dealing with the Palaeozoic geology has now been completed and the results embodied in a paper which will appear in the Procrrpines for 1928. A further paper on the Cainozoic geology of the area is to form a later part of the work.
Miss Brown proposes this year to continue the work on the geological history of the South Coast of New South Wales, paying special attention to the problems of the geological age, conditions of sedimentation, mutual relationships and subsequent tectonic history of the sedimentary rocks, and the relationships, petrogenesis and correlation of the associated igneous rocks, south of Moruya.
Miss H. Claire Weekes, Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Zoology, commenced her work by studying four species of scincid lizards, her results being included in a paper, “A note on reproductive phenomena in some Lizards’, which appeared in the ProcEepines for 1927. In this paper she dealt with placentation, the growth of corpora lutea, and the extraordinary growth of extra-embryonic mesoderm in these lizards. She has also studied in detail placentation in Lygosoma (Hinulia) quoyi and placed the results on record in the PRocEEDINGS, with discussion of their bearing on the placentation of the Mammalia. Placentation has also been studied in two viviparous snakes and the results of this will probably be the first record of placentation among snakes.
Miss Weekes proposes, during the coming year, to continue the investigation of reptilian placentation with the ultimate aim of making a study of the evolution
of the reptilian placenta and of the extent of its bearing upon the placentation of the Mammalia.
Three applications for Linnean Macleay Fellowships, 1928-29, were received in response to the Council’s invitation of 28th September, 1927. I have pleasure in reminding you that the Council re-appointed Miss Ida Alison Brown and Miss
Hazel Claire Weekes to Fellowships in Geology and Zoology respectively for one year from 1st March, 1928.
\ IY f
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. ¥ Dra a, ey ix. i by as Ne ~~ ee
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Host AND PARASITE. By the late Proressor L. Harrison, B.A., B.Sc.
i—Introductory.
I have chosen for the subject of my address the relation between organisms in obligate association under what I call here the host-parasite relation, a matter in which I have been interested for a good many years. The term parasite should, in strict accuracy, be confined to such organisms as live at the expense of their hosts, but I propose to use it loosely to indicate any obligate association, whether parasitic, commensal or symbiotic. Such an association links the parasite to its host in space, as is quite well realized, but curiously little attention has been given to the fact that there is also a linkage in time.
For many groups of parasites host and parasite have come down the ages together. I have dared to fix the origin of bird-lice from psocids as far back as the Jurassic, since there is strong evidence that these existed upon birds and mammals from their very origins, so soon as there were feathers and hair to be eaten. Down that long period of time each generation of hosts has handed on its parasites to its successors. Mammals and birds have changed their forms under the continuous process of evolution, and their lice have changed, too. But parasites in general live under conditions which afford little stimulus to evolutionary change, and so tend to differentiate at a slower rate than their hosts, suffering what I have called elsewhere a retarded evolution.
This relation can be made to serve several useful purposes. The ostriches of Africa and the rheas or nandus of South America are commonly supposed by ornithologists to have arisen from quite distinct stocks. But their lice are so similar, and so different from all other bird-lice, that these must have evolved from a common ancestor, and so also must the birds themselves. Evidence derived from lice is confirmed by the cestode and nematode parasites of the two groups of birds. Thus a phylogenetic relationship may be established by means of parasites. Equally, a supposed relationship may be refuted. Their lice prove that the penguins are in no way related to any northern group of aquatic birds, but belong in an ancient complex which includes the tinamous, fowls and pigeons; that the kiwis of New Zealand are modified rails, and not struthious birds at all; that the tropic-birds are not steganopodes but terns, and so on. A third use is to refute suggestions of convergent resemblance, which are often very lightly made, and which are so exasperating to the zoogeographer since they are usually incapable of either proof or disproof. Leptodactylid frogs are found in South America and Australia. Did they evolve separately, or are they derived from common ancestors? The herpetologist cannot say with any certainty, but the parasitologist discovers that they share a genus, Zelleriella, of ciliate protozoan parasites, and must have had common origin. This same example will serve to illustrate a fourth use for the host-parasite relation. The genus Zelleriella can, and does, infest frogs other than Leptodactylids. It is not found, however, anywhere except in Australia and South and Central America, so that its distribution affords strong presumptive evidence that South America and Australia have been joined in past time in some way which excluded the northern land masses.
These examples indicate the nature of the host-parasite relation, and its
possible usefulness. I propose now to give a short historical account, and to B
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follow with an examination of some groups of parasites to see how far this usefulness may be of general application.
ii.—Historical.
Since the relation between host and parasite is so obvious, it is remarkable that it has received so little attention. I have searched in vain amongst such textbooks of general parasitology as have come under my notice for any reference to it. It seems incredible that there should not be references in serial literature, but, until quite recent times, I have not been able to trace any. This may be due to the fact that such references, if there be any, occur in papers the titles of which give no indication of this aspect of their contents.
Be that as it may, the earliest use of the host-parasite relation to suggest phyletic affinities which I have been able to trace is that by Zschokke, who in a series of papers (1898, 1899, 1907) upon the cestodes of marsupials, has insisted that the common possession of cestodes of the genus Linstowia by South American and Australian marsupials clearly indicated their origin from common stock. Two of Zschokke’s papers have not been accessible to me, and I have gathered their content from certain criticisms of Zschokke’s views by Nybelin (1917). The latter’s criticisms do not seem particularly well founded. They are based chiefly upon the well-known fact that many helminths are viable in animals other than their natural hosts. This must be admitted, but it merely demands that care must be exercised in using the host-parasite relation to distinguish between ancient natural associations and those which if not unnatural, are at least of more recent date. No one would suggest, for instance, because the liver-fluke of sheep has been found both in man and the kangaroo in Australia that these animals had any close genetic affinity with sheep.
Kellogg may perhaps be held to antedate ZschokkKe, since, in his studies of lice, he drew attention to the fact that parasitic species have persisted unchanged from the common ancestor of two or more distinct but closely allied bird-species as early as 1896. But he was long in committing himself to the conclusion that any use could be made of this relationship, as the following quotations from his writings show. After pointing out that he has taken from American birds a number of lice specifically identical with those described from their European congeners, he writes (1896, p. 51) :—
“This explanation, I believe, is, for many of the instances, that the parasitic species has persisted unchanged from the common ancestor of the two or more now distinct but closely allied bird-species. With the spreading of the ancestral bird-species, geographical races have arisen within the limits of the species which have, with time and isolation caused by newly appearing geographical barriers (due to geologic or climatic changes), come to be distinct species—species often distinguished only by superficial differences in colour, etc. The parasites have remained practically unaffected by the conditions which have produced the differences among the birds; the temperature of the host’s body, the feathers as food, all of the environment is essentially unchanged in its relation to the parasite. The parasitic species thus remains unchanged, while the first Larus species or Anas species becomes differentiated into a dozen or score of specific forms, all with a common parasite.”
Between 1896 and 1913 I can find but one sentence in Kellogg’s writings which gives any indication that he was pondering upon the further implications involved in the above statement, and that is (Kellogg and Kuwana, 1902, p. 458) :—
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“Tt was hoped that the character of the parasites found on the strictly Galapagos Island bird hosts might throw some light on the relationships of these birds to continental genera and species %
This hope was defeated by the extraordinary conditions obtaining on the islands, birds of different orders huddling together promiscuously on the bare rocks, and their parasites becoming hopelessly mixed. In 1913, however, Kellogg came definitely, if timidly into the open (1913, p. 138) :—“Of the other Mallophagan genera found on the tinamous two that specially characterize the pheasants and other gallinaceous birds are, by odds, the most commonly represented. And this condition suggests another interesting problem. Is it going to be possible to get suggestions regarding the phyletic affinities of hosts from the character of their parasitic fauna? Take, for example, an order of birds troublesome to the ornithological taxonomists. Will the evidence of the presence on members of this order of certain parasitic genera characteristic of another order indicate their affinities to this second order? It does indeed seem, in the case of the Tinamiformes and Galliformes, as if the evidence from the Mallophagan distribu- tion was in conformity with that suggested by certain structural similarities in the two groups.”
In 1914 Kellogg was more emphatic, and he writes (p. 259):—“‘Also, if it be true that genetic relationship is the determining factor in accounting for the host distribution of the parasites, then it is also true that the distribution of the parasites will indicate in some measure the genetic relationships of the hosts, and that occasional aid in determining the genetic affinities of birds and mammals of doubtful relationships may be had from a study of their parasitic fauna. In my paper already referred to I have pointed out some suggestive cases of this sort in connection with the birds and their parasites.”
He concludes (p. 279) :—“In the light of the plain statement in Part i of this ‘paper of my belief gained from a study of the distribution of the bird-infesting Mallophaga, to the effect that the host distribution of the permanent wingless ectoparasites of birds is determined more by the genetic relationships of these hosts than by geographic relationships or any ecological condition, and the corollary of this, which is that the distribution of the parasites may therefore often have a valuable significance as to the genetic relationships of animals whose genealogic affinities are in process of ascertainment, and in the light of the facts of distribution for the mammal-infesting Mallophaga and Anoplura as just set out in Part ii of this paper. I hardly need do more, in conclusion, than to point out that the distribution conditions exhibited by the mammal parasites, even in the face of the meagre knowledge that we yet have of the mammal-infesting forms, clearly, on the whole, confirm this thesis. In fact, considering how few mammal-infesting parasite species we yet know, it is surprising how repeatedly the commonness of parasite species to two or more related, although geographically well separated, host species, is illustrated. All through the order from Marsupials to Quadrumana this condition is again and again exemplified. I am then, naturally, made more certain of the essential truth of the thesis, and can the more strongly recommend the attention of systematic zoologists to that practical application of it, which I have stated in the form of a corollary.”
My personal connection with this subject dates from 1911, when, after about a year’s study of Mallophaga, I read a paper before the Sydney University Science Society upon the possible value of these parasites in determining bird affinities. The manuscript of this paper has been lost, but an abstract was published in the
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annual report of the Society for 1911-12, which I quote to show that I had already arrived at some definite conclusions in advance of, and independently of, Kellogg:—
“Wednesday, 16th August (1911).—Held in the Geology Theatre, the President in the chair. LL. Harrison read a paper, illustrated with lantern-slides, on “The Taxonomic Value of Certain Parasites.” The parasites referred to are the biting lice (Mallophaga) found upon birds or mammals. Owing to both environment and food remaining unchanged through the centuries, these insects have not differentiated as fast as their hosts, and afford indications of original relationship between birds that have diverged widely from parent stock. Though birds can be divided into good natural groups, the relationships between these groups have not, and cannot, be satisfactorily determined on anatomy alone. So any line of investigation that is likely to aid the solution of bird phylogeny deserves considera- tion. Some evidence is afforded confirming parts of existing classifications. Among other results, a study of the Mallophaga would suggest the inclusion of the penguins with the fowls, pigeons, and tinamous, a relationship that has never before been suggested. Such results could, of course, only be put forward as suggestions to the morphologist. A preliminary examination, however, of this group of parasites, certainly suggests that more complete knowledge will afford valuable clues towards the solution of bird taxonomy.”
In 1914 I published -a general statement of the host-parasite relation in Mallophaga repeating the suggestion as to the position of the Sphenisciformes, and including Opisthocomus in the same grouping (1914, p. 10). I also discussed _the genetic connection of the struthious birds. In 1915 I discussed the parasites of the New Zealand kiwis (Apteryx spp.), and produced evidence to show that these were more nearly related to the Ralli than to the other struthious birds. Incidentally I produced evidence that the jacanas were ralline rather than limicoline. In the same year I was invited to open a discussion before Section D of the British Association for the Advancement of Science on the general question of host-parasite relations, an abstract of my address being printed in the Proceedings for the year. In the following year (1916) I was asked to address the British Ornithologists’ Club, and this address appeared in full in The Ibis, and in abstract, with an abstract of the discussion, in the Bulletin of the Club. In this address I propounded a classification of the petrels based entirely upon their Mallophagan parasites. More recently I have made use of lice and of other groups of parasites both for phyletic and for zoogeographical purposes, statements of which appear in due course below.
The Chairman of the meeting at which I read my first paper in 1911 was Mr. (later Professor) S. J. Johnston. He told me upon that occasion that he proposed to test my ideas with regard to trematodes and cestodes. He subsequently wrote three short papers, which are discussed below.
G. F. Ferris, pupil of, collaborator with and successor to Kellogg at Stanford, naturally imbibed his teacher’s ideas, and has made some contributions to the subject which will be discussed when I deal with lice later on.
Metcalf (1921) was, so far as I am aware, the next independent discoverer of the value of the host-parasite method, being led to it by his investigations of the Opalinid parasites of frogs. In a series of subsequent papers he has based the broadest possible conclusions, both phyletic and zoogeographical, upon the distribu- tion of these parasites. We will touch upon his work when dealing with the Protozoa.
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Finally Darling’s discussion (1921) of hookworm in relation to man is a further example of independent use of the method, and Grobbelaar (1922) has extended §. J. Johnston’s discussion of frog trematodes. Theses reverberations are at last beginning to reach the ear of the general parasitologist, and Dr. Henry B. Ward, in his presidential address to the first annual meeting of the American Society of Parasitologists, writes (1926, p. 236) :—“The significance of studies in parasitology is by no means limited to the fields I have been discussing. Such studies have been shown to have a direct bearing in individual cases on problems of pure science, such as phylogenetic relationships, distribution and the origin of the parasites and their hosts.”
He mentions the work of Kellogg, Metcalf and Darling. This brief historical discussion indicates that the same conclusions have been reached, for the most part quite independently of one another, by a number of workers upon various groups of parasites. This unanimity can mean but one thing, namely that the host-parasite relation is a general principle, and is capable of wide application when parasites are better known. I shall now proceed to consider this relation in some selected groups of parasites.
iii—The Host-parasite Relation in Protozoa.
Wenyon (1926, p. 136) writes on the general host-parasite relation in Protozoa as follows:—
“An important feature of parasitism is the specificity of any particular parasite for its host. It is found in nature that some parasites are unable to live in any other host than the one in which they naturally occur. This undoubtedly depends upon the peculiarity of the body fluids of these animals. Some parasites have become so specialized that they cannot survive in any other fluid than the one to which they have become accustomed. Very frequently, however, a particular parasite is able to live in hosts which are nearly related, the fluids of which may be presumed to differ only slightly from one another. Thus Plasmodium vivax, which causes benign tertian malaria, cannot survive in any other vertebrate host than man, though Mesnil and Roubaud (1920) have shown that it may multiply for a short period in the chimpanzee. Other parasites are much less specific, for many of the pathogenic trypanosomes can develop in small rodents, which under natural conditions are never infected by them. In such cases it seems probable that quite apart from the suitability of the fluid of a host, the rapidity with which a host can develop antibodies, is the determining factor as to whether a parasite can establish itself or not. Instances are known in which it is only after many attempts to introduce a parasite into a host that success is at last attained. An instance of this is quoted below (p. 576), where Watson, attempting to isolate a strain of Trypanosoma equiperdum from horses in laboratory animals, only succeeded in one after inoculating over 600 animals. The infection, once established, was then readily inoculated from one animal to another. It is evident that here the fluids of the animal which gave a successful result differed from those in which inoculation had failed, or that amongst the organisms injected on the successful occasion there happened to be a few which found the environment congenial and were able to resist the antibodies developed. The fact that subsequent subinoculations were easily carried out seems to suggest that the explanation is to be found in the parasites themselves. Not infrequently an animal which has acquired an infection will free itself, after which it is found to be immune to further inoculations. On the other hand, it has been shown
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that in some cases, when an infection has disappeared or has been much reduced, further inoculations of the same organism may bring about a superimposed infection which may be more severe than that first produced. Such an instance has been described by Noller (1917) in the case of frogs infected with Trypanosoma rotatorium.
“Tt may be stated as a general rule that the specificity of parasitic Protozoa for their particular hosts is much more marked than is the case with vegetable parasites, such as bacteria, yeasts and allied organisms. It often happens that a parasite in one host may be morphologically indistinguishable from one in another. yet experimentally it is impossible to produce cross-infections. Whether such biological races are to be regarded as distinct species or not is a problem which still requires solution. From the strictly zoological point of view they should be regarded as belonging to one.”
Despite the generally recognized specificity of protozoan parasites, only one group has been studied from the point of view of host affinities and migrations. The very interesting symbiosis between termites and their flagellate parasites, in which Cleveland .(1923) has shown that the flagellates are essential to the continued existence of their hosts, since the parasites alone are able to digest the cellulose of the wood upon which termites feed and to produce substances assimilable by their hosts, indicates a very ancient history of parasitism. Termites and flagellates must have evolved pari passu to have reached the present complex condition of interaction. It occurred to me when I first read of this relation that the phenomenon may have a wide general application amongst plant-feeding animals. The striking ciliate and flagellate faunas of the paunch of ruminants, for example, may well prove to have a similar function in aiding the digestion of the cellulose and silica of their hosts’ food. Studies have not yet, however, been undertaken along these lines, but I have little doubt that, when they are, there will be a useful crop of by-products in the form of indications of host relation- ships, etc. I do not intend to traverse the groups of parasitic Protozoa, but will content myself with quoting Metcalf’s work (1923, 1923a) on the Opalinid ciliates parasitic (commensal) in frogs, since his comprehensive study indicates that similar results may be expected from the careful examination of other parasitic groups.
Metcalf divides the family Opalinidae into two subfamilies, Protoopalininae possessing two nuclei, and Opalininae, comprising multinucleated forms, of which the former is more primitive. This contains two genera, Protoopalina (which is divisible into nine subgeneric divisions) and Zelleriella. The more specialized subfamily also includes two genera, Cepedea and Opalina, the latter of which is further divided into two sections, Opalinae latae and O. angustae. He is of opinion “that Zelleriella arose in tropical America from Protoopalina; that Cepedea evolved from Protoopalina probably in southern Asia; that Opalina (broad form) was derived from Cepedea, apparently in: Euro-Asia; that the Opalinae angustae arose in south-western North America or in Central America when Hylids, coming north from South America, first met Bufos and Ranas bearing broad Opalinae, adopted these parasites and changed them to the narrow form” (1923a, p. 393). To quote the full evidence and argument for the above conclusions would: take too much space, but we may accept them provisionally as those of the worker most competent to judge. Upon this basis Metcalf discusses the whole broad question of the origin and distribution of the Anura.
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What value has such a discussion? Noble (1925) and Dunn (1925), both competent herpetologists, have pooh-poohed it rather contemptuously, and I (1926) have made some reply to their criticisms as far as the Australasian region is concerned. Metcalf has suffered from the usual pitfalls which everywhere beset the path of the generalizer, once he leaves the safe preserve of the group he knows thoroughly. Thus the so-called Bufonids of Australia are not Bufonids at all, but toothless Leptodactylids; there is no Gastrophrynid, nor any frog at all, in Samoa; the record for the Australian Limnodynastes peroni in the New Hebrides is erroneous, and is apparently due to a collection of Australian origin having reached the British Museum incorrectly labelled, since other Australian animals have also been wrongly recorded from Erromanga; and finally the position of the New Zealand Liovelma is still in doubt. It is pretty certainly a Leptodactylid, but Noble has recently (1922) reaffirmed its status as a Discoglossid. If the data collected from other regions contain similar errors (and I am aware of some) it is small wonder that the generalizer meets with difficulties, and may announce conclusions which are open to criticism.
It would be out of place for me to attempt to follow or to summarize the whole of Metcalf’s conclusions as to the past and present distribution of frogs, which he bases upon a study of their Opalinid parasites. I shall, however, briefly consider such of his views as have a bearing upon Australian zoogeography. Australian frogs, if we leave out of consideration four recent immigrants into North Queensland, belong to the families Leptodactylidae and Hylidae.
The Leptodactylidae are parasitized by the Opalinid genus Zelleriella, both in Australia and in South America. A few species of Zelleriella have apparently pushed up into North America, where they have infested frogs other than LeptodactyJids, but the genus is confined to Australia and America. After citing the common possession of this genus of parasite by both Australian and South American Leptodactylids as conclusive evidence against the possibility of con- vergent development of the two host groups, Metcalf writes (1923, p. 330) :—
“It would perhaps be conceivable, though difficult to believe, that the Australian Leptodactylids may have evolved independently of the South American forms now classed in this family. But it is hardly conceivable that almost identical internal parasites were evolved also independently in the two groups of hosts. JZelleriella is a very compact genus morphologically, so compact that subdivision into valid species is difficult. The Australian Z. binucleata and some American Zelleriellas are especially similar. There seems no escape from the conclusion that the Leptodactylids of America and Australia, and their parasites as well, arose in some one region and spread to their present localities. The evidence for an Antarctic land connection between South America and Australia is greatly strengthened by the data Zelleriella and the Leptodactylidae present. Indeed the evidence seems conclusive. . .-. It seems in agreement with the data at present known to suppose that a great continental mass existed in the Southern Hemisphere up into Miocene times, and that upon this continent, including Australasia and southern South America, there were Leptodactylids which had Zelleriella parasitic in them. Bufo was not in this Antarctic fauna.”
The Hylide are most numerous in South America, dwindle in North America, and are represented in Palaearctica by races of a single species with North American affinities. Elsewhere they occur only in Australia, extending north- wards to the Moluccas and the more eastern of the Lesser Sundas. They are absent from South Eastern Asia, which offers an environment essentially suited to
Xvi. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
them. Concerning their parasites Metcalf writes (1923a, p. 392):—“The Opalinid parasites of the Euro-Asian Hylids, so far as known, are of a modern subgenus (Opalinae angustae, evolved, apparently, in the Pliocene), are of North American origin, and are utterly different from any Opalinids known in Australasia. Opalina obtrigona was the Opalinid found in all the infected Hylas from Euro- Asia. This is perhaps the most modern of all the Opalinidae. The Australian Hylids, on the other hand, have been found to carry Opalinids only of the most archaic genus, Protoopalina, a genus of world-wide distribution. The BHuro- Asian Hylid parasite, Opalina obtrigona, is almost identical with the North American species O. obtrigonoidea, which occurs in several North American genera, including Hylids of five species.”
Metealf’s conclusions from parasitological evidence thus support the view generally held by Australian zoogeographers that the Hylids and Leptodactylids entered Australia from the south, and tend to refute that put forward by Matthew (1915), Noble (1922, 1925) and others that these families reached Australia from the north. They also serve to refute Noble’s claim that the Australian Lepto- dactylids are genetically continuous with Asiatic Bufonids. Since only a small part of Metcalf’s total conclusions has been discussed, it seems reasonable to hope that a detailed study of other groups of parasitic Protozoa with regard to the affinities and distribution of their hosts will yield results of equal importance.
It should be mentioned, however, that Opalinids are commensals, not true parasites, and appear to be viable in any frogs to which they have access. They are, therefore, less useful than Protozoa which have a strict host-parasite specificity. But inferences such as that drawn from the distribution of the genus Zelleriella seem well justified. The genus is absent from the Palaearctic, Oriental and Ethiopian regions, and it may fairly be argued that the ancestors of the existing Leptodactylids have never existed in these regions. The study of host-parasite specificity is in its infancy, but Andrews (1927) after careful cross- infection experiments with coccidiosis in mammals, concludes:—‘“‘The coccidia of mammals seem to be strictly host-specific parasites, as judged by cross-infectivity experiments on cats, dogs, rabbits, skunks, opossums, pigs, and prairie-dogs.”
iv.-—The Host-parasite Relation in the Temnocephaloidea.
The TVemnocephaloidea are commonly considered as an order of monogenetic Trematodes, but their true affinities appear to lie with the Rhabdocoele Turbellaria. They are somewhat leech-like creatures, with a large muscular posterior sucker, and a series of adhesive tentacles, varying in number, usually arranged in a single row at the anterior end. They have a preponderant obligate association with fresh-water Decapods, but in South America species occur upon fresh-water tortoises and a fresh-water mollusc. A couple of species have been described from fish in the Oriental region, but my colleague Miss Lucy M. Wood, who has for some time been working on the group, will not allow that these are Temno- cephaloids. Their normal habitat appears to be upon.the external surface or in the gill-chambers of fresh-water crayfishes (Mexico, South America, New Zealand, Australia with New Guinea, Madagascar); but they also occur on fresh- water crabs (South America, New Guinea, Philippines) and shrimps (South America, Australia) and upon the curious archaic Isopod, Phreatoicopsis, in Australia. The group is thus confined to the southern hemisphere, save for the anomalous occurrence of a species in Mexico, and a second in the Philippines.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. XVii.
Temnocephala mexicana occurs upon the Potamobiid crayfish Cambarus digneti in Mexico, and affords the only known instance of a Temnocephaloid upon the northern crayfishes. This species appears obviously to be a recent derivative from South America. TZ. semperi occurs on Telphusa sp. of Sunda, Philippines, and is an extension, like its host, from the Australasian region upon a well-known migration route (Merrill, 1926; Harrison, 1928a). The Temnocephaloidea are confined to fresh waters, and show no evidence of marine origin. Their distribu- tion in South America, New Zealand, Australia and Madagascar is coincident with that of the Parastacid crayfishes. I have cited this example (1926, p. 379-382) as affording positive evidence of the connection in past time of these four widely- separated southern land-masses. My argument is further strengthened by a consideration of the distribution of the fresh-water Histriobdellids discussed below (p. xxv). We have here a host-group, itself confined to four southern land-masses, associated with two parasitic groups which are totally unrelated. The first parasitic group is associated with crayfish hosts in all four countries; the second with crayfish in two, and with another fresh-water Decapod in a third, and may yet be found upon crayfish both in New Zealand and South America. When we add to this the circumstance that two species of Phreodrilid oligochaetes are found ectoparasitic in the eye-sockets of Australian crayfish, and that the Phreodrilidae are confined to the extreme south of Africa, Australia and South America, and to the widely separated islands of the sub-antarctic zone, we have a chain of data which, to me, appears to oppose an insuperable obstacle to any hypothesis for the northern dispersal of the southern crayfishes. As I mention below, they appear to me to have been derived at one time and in one place from marine ancestors, and to have achieved their present dispersal by migrations over land routes. This implies either land bridges, or the shattering of an original southern continental mass, as suggested by Wegener. Of the two, Wegener’s hypothesis seems the more probable.
The Temnocephaloidea are richest in genera and species in Australia, South America coming next, but with the genus Temnocephala only, of which genus New Zealand has two species and Madagascar one. This last will be made the type of a new genus. The group has certainly undergone radiation in Australia, but, when Miss Wood’s studies are completed, they will afford some indication that the Australian Temnocephaloids were derived with those of New Zealand, and must have entered from the south. This would imply a derivation from Antarctica, which may have been a centre of radiation for Temnocephaloids. Much depends upon the final determination of the status of the Madagascar species, specimens of which have recently been received for investigation. I must not here anticipate Miss Wood’s results, but she is fairly confident that she will-be able to do a good deal towards tracing the migrations of the crayfishes themselves when she has completed her survey of their Temnocephaloid parasites. From the viewpoints of both zoogeography and parasitology, the Temnocephaloidea are an important and interesting group.
v.—The Host-parasite Relation in Trematoda.
Stiles and Hassall’s Index Catalogue of Trematodes (1908) is now twenty years old, and is thus to a certain extent unreliable as a guide to anyone not versed in the systematics of Trematoda. On this account I do not propose to attempt any close investigation of the host-parasite relation in this group, but will
C
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rely upon the statements made by S. J. Johnston (1912, 1913, 1914), supplemented» » _
XVili. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
by Grobbelaar’s excellent paper (1922) extending Johnston’s discussion of the relation between the distribution of frog trematodes and their hosts.
Johnston’s analysis (1913, p. 272-3) of the frog trematodes of Hurope, America, Australia and Asia shows that in the subfamily Haplometrinae species of Pneumonoeces occur in the lungs of frogs of all four continents; and species of Halipegus in the buccal cavity of frogs in Europe, America and Asia. In the subfamily Plagiorchinae closely related species occur in the intestine of frogs of Europe, America and Australia, but have not so far been recorded from Asia. Other intestinal parasites belonging to the subfamilies Brachycoelinae and Pleurogenetinae occur in the frogs of all four continents. Bladder parasites belonging to the subfamilies Gorgoderinae and Polystominae are not recorded from Asia, but occur in the remaining three continents, as ‘do rectal parasites of the genus Diplodiscus (Paramphistomidae). Grobbelaar (1922) has brought Johnston’s work up to date, and has shown that the same relations hold for African frogs. Johnston (loc. cit., p. 276) accounts for this remarkable condition as follows :—
“When the amphibian ancestors of the frogs appeared in the world—long before the frogs themselves—they became .. . infected with a number of forms of trematodes. These trematodes probably much more closely resembled the present day trematode parasites of frogs than did those amphibian ancestors the frogs of to-day, for the worms by that time were an old group of animals, and less likely than the newly evolved amphibian to be very plastic. And, not only so, but their mode of life rendered them less likely to be rapidly affected by environ- mental changes than free-living animals. As the descendants of those early amphibians dispersed to the four corners of the earth, they took their parasites with them, and while the old amphibians have, become altered very considerably, the parasites have probably altered only a little, but still have altered; so that we find the old types of Pneumonoeces, that affected to live in the lungs, represented by a dozen or so species scattered over various parts of the earth. And so on with the others, e.g. Gorgoderinae, Brachycoelinae, etc.’’.
Johnston proceeds to a statement that the trematodes of Australian frogs find their nearest relatives in those of Asiatic frogs, and Grobbelaar accepts this statement. This is against the weight of the zoogeographical evidence drawn from the frogs themselves, and is also against the conclusions drawn by Metcalf from his studies of the Opalinid parasites of frogs, but would accord with the views of Matthew, Noble and others concerning the radiation of frogs from a northern centre of dispersal. It must be borne in mind, however, that Johnston Knew only six species of frog trematodes from Asia, that only a small portion of this fauna has been described for Australia, and that nothing whatever was known of the frog trematodes of South America. So we have here an interesting test case for future judgment. When the frog trematodes of Asia, Australia and South America are better known, it will be possible to determine whether those of Australia are more nearly related to the Asiatic or to the South American fauna, a matter which will largely assist in determining the affinities of the frogs them- selves. I myself have the utmost confidence, derived from many collateral lines of evidence, that ultimately the closest affinities of Australian frog trematodes will be found to lie with those of South American frogs.
In the same paper (p. 278) Johnston makes brief mention of a few other trematode relationships; the various species of Scaphanocephalus from sea eagles in different regions are very closely related to one another, as also are those of
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. xix,
Bilharziella from seagulls and of Hemistomuwm from herons; two species of Harmostomum from the Australian marsupials Dasyurus and Perameles are 0) closely related to H. opisthotrias Lutz from an American Didelphys that they must be considered as derived from common ancestors; and finally the flukes from an Australian marsupial and monotreme comprise a subfamily intermediate between the Fasciolinae of higher mammals and the Psilostominae of reptiles and birds.
In 1914 Johnston extended his studies to Australian Trematodes and Cestodes in general; and in 1916 devoted considerable space to a discussion of the relations of the trematodes of Australian birds with those of birds elsewhere. He concludes (1916, p. 254) :—
“Of the fifty-one trematodes of Australian birds mentioned in the foregoing table, thirty find their nearest relatives in trematodes parasitic in birds of the same family, ten in birds of a closely related family, and seven in birds which cannot be considered closely related to the Australian bird-hosts, while three are so constituted that they do not seem to have any near relatives amongst known trematodes. 5
“In the case of the first group and perhaps also of the second, it may be considered that the pairs of related trematodes have been derived from common ancestors, and also that their hosts have been derived from common ancestors, and that the ancestors of the trematodes were parasitic in those of the birds. For instance, Holostomum hillii and H. eraticum, two closely related species of Holostomum, are parasitic in various species of Larus. These sea-gulls are apparently derived: from common ancestors in which the species of trematode that gave rise to H. hillii and H. eraticum was parasitic. As the original Larus spread over the earth till, in the course of time, it attained the present very wide distribution of the genus, by the acquisition of different characters it became split up into a number of species. Evolutionary agencies were at the same time working on the trematodes which accompanied the birds, and one group eventually became separable from another as a distinct species.
“The want of relationship between the hosts in the case of the seven pairs in the third group, may be explained on the supposition that in the one case or the other the parasite has been acquired by the bird much more recently.’’
The evidence brought forward by Johnston proves con¢lusively, I think, that there is a very marked specificity in the relations of trematode parasites to their hosts. Anomalous distributions occur, as in almost any other group of parasites, and these may be due to comparatively recent acquirements which are not natural to the hosts from which they have been recorded. But it is also possible that an extended knowledge of the trematode parasites of vertebrates, of which only a small portion is known, will clear up many of these apparent anomalies, by indicating more precisely the real affinities of the parasites. Trematodes seem
likely to be of very real value in affording light upon the relationships and migrations of their host groups.
vi.—The Host-parasite Relation in Cestoda.
Although it was in this group that Zschokke indicated for the first time, so far as I am aware, the value of parasites in the determination of host affinities, it nevertheless does not appear to offer, in the light of present knowledge, much useful data for this purpose. Zschokke based his statement upon the common possession by marsupials in America and Australia of cestodes of the genus Linstowia. Linstowia echidnae, however, is recorded from both a monotreme
XX. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
and a marsupial in Australia, and these have no close affinity. Moreover, the sub- family Linstowinae includes five genera: Inermicapsifer, confined to the mam- malian genus Procavia; Linstowia, which is confined to marsupials and a mono- treme, save for a species described from Beddard from the lemuroid Nycticebus; ' Multicapsiferina, found in five genera of mammals ranging from rodents to monkeys; Oochoristica, which is more characteristic of reptiles, but which is found in marsupials in America and Australia, but is also found in badgers, new world monkeys, armadillos and anteaters; and Palaia, found only in reptiles. One might be tempted to suppose that the subfamily is a very ancient one, confined to reptiles and primitive mammals, but an example such as is afforded by Oochoristica megastoma, which is recorded from eleven species of new world monkeys, belonging to seven genera, vitiates such a suggestion.
The following data concerning the cestodes of Australian marsupials are taken from Meggitt (1924). Linstowia and Oochoristica have already been dis- cussed. Moniezia, characteristic of ungulates, has a species, M. bipapillosa, in the wombat, Phascolomys mitchelli. Cittotaenia, chiefly found in rodents, has a species in the echidna, and a second in a wallaby, Lagorchestes conspicillatus. Progamotaenia, Hepatotaenia, Bancroftiella and Dasyurotaenia are confined to Australian marsupials, and their precise affinities are not known. Pavoniella has a species in Macropus brunii, and occurs elsewhere in two rodents and two pangolins of the genus Manis. A species of Hymenolepis, probably characteristic of rodents but widely distributed in mammals in general, is recorded from Perameles macrura. Species of Bertiella occur in phytophagous marsupials of the genera Phalanger, Phalangista, Phascolarctos and Pseudochirus, as well as in monkeys, lemurs, and four species of rodents.
Such distributions are frankly incomprehensible. It may be that not enough cestodes are known, or that an adequate means of natural classification has not been attained. But even granting this, the Cestoda appear to exhibit a much greater degree of viability than is shown by the Trematoda. Nevertheless there are some facts which appear to indicate that a host-parasite relation does underlie the apparent confusion. Thus Johnston (1914, p. 243) notes that the same tapeworm, Davainea struthionis, is found in both the African ostrich and the American rhea, while a closely related form, D. australis, is found in the Australian emu. And many genera do show restriction to a limited host group.
vii.—The Host-parasite Relation in Nematodes.
As a basis for the examination of this group, I have used Stiles and Hassall’s Index-Catalogue (1920), together with Cram’s recent. study (1927) of three Nematode suborders parasitizing birds. It must be confessed at the outset that Nematodes do not appear to display any great degree of specificity towards their hosts. Many of the larger genera are cosmopolitan in distribution, and are spread over a startling variety of host groups. On the other hand there are many monotypic genera, or genera with a limited number of species from the same host or host group, from which I can read no meaning, since I am not familiar with the systematics of these parasites, but which might mean more to a specialist in them. There are, moreover, a number of factors which militate against a clear understanding of the relations of Nematodes to their hosts, in the present state of knowledge. Only a small fraction of the group is known; life histories are very largely unknown; distribution may often be determined by that of unknown intermediate hosts; for these, when better known, a more specific host-parasite
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. Xxi.
relation may hold; the lists of species are clogged with old records, the precise status of which is not known, as well as with misidentifications by more recent workers; and finally the general problem of the viability of Nematode species is far from being fully solved.
A casual survey of Nematode genera appears to indicate that they may be divided roughly into five categories as follows:—
(i) Genera with species which seem-to be able to parasitize any animal group whatever.
The genus Heterakis, for example, is found in various fishes, in frogs and salamanders, in most groups of reptiles, in almost every order of birds, and in such diverse mammals as monkeys, tarsiers, the agouti and the guinea-pig. H. gallinae occurs in the bird genera Anas, Tadorna, Anser, Chenopsis; Ceriornis, Chrysolophus, Colinus, Coturnixz, Cupidonia, Gallus, Crossoptilon, Lagopus, Meleagris, Numida, Ortyxz, Pavo, Perdiz, Phasianus, Bonasa, Tetrao; and finally Otis and Corvus; that is to say, in four anseriform and sixteen galliform genera, finishing up with two bustards and a crow. The only conclusion to be drawn from such a distribution is that the species must be viable in almost any kind of bird host, although it must be remembered that the host genera are all commonly kept in zoological gardens, occupying in succession the same enclosures, so that although the parasite may be viable in all these hosts, it may not be a natural parasite of many of them. But a glance down the list of bird-infesting species of Heterakis does not offer much promise of definite specificity. Sixteen species are recorded by Cram as having a single host, five as having two closely related hosts (congeneric in three) and two as having two unrelated hosts; while four are found in numerous pheasant genera, and one in thirteen anserines and an owl. A similgr history attaches to most of the larger genera, such as Oxyuris, Physaloptera, Spiroptera and many more.
(ii) Genera with species which are confined to predatory groups and their prey.
This category covers a relation which is very general amongst helminth parasites, especially those which require an intermediate host in their life history. In such organisms the intermediate is the prey of the final host, and harbours some kind of larval stage of the parasite found in its adult form in the final host. Thus in Dispharyn«x spiralis the infective larval stage is found in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio, and the adult occurs in a variety of ground-feeding birds, chiefly galliform. The infective larvae of Hchinuria uncinata occur in the ‘“water-flea,” Daphnia, and the final stages in aquatic anseriform birds. Hchinorhynchus strumosus has its larval stages in various fishes, and occurs in the adult form in seals and cetaceans, and so on.
(iii) Genera either themselves confined, or having species confined, to fairly limited host groups.
EHpomidiostomum is confined to anseriform birds, Codiostomum to three species of ostriches in Africa, and Deletrocephalus to rheas in South America, Acanthocheilus to sharks, Belascaris to cats and dogs, Cylichnostomum to equidae, - Dictyocaulus, Onchocerca and Ostertagia to ungulates, Kalicephalus to snakes, Prosthecosacter to cetaceans. Further genera might be cited, but these are sufficient to indicate some kind of obligate relationship between hosts and parasites, the precise nature of which cannot at present be stated.
Amongst species, Heterakis alata is found in two species of tinamous in Brazil, as also is H. valvata; H. hamulus occurs in two species of peacocks, and H.
XXii. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
papillosa in two species of bustards. Ascaridia hermaphrodita has been found in nineteen species of South American parrots, belonging to four genera; A. columbae in thirteen species of pigeons has a cosmopolitan distribution; A. cristata and A. stroma are confined to cranes; while A. numidae occurs in three species of guinea fowls in Africa. Vigwiera euryvoptera is found in four species of shrikes of the genus Lanius, Acuaria quadriloba in woodpeckers of several genera in Europe and U.S.A., Chevreuxia revoluta in two species of Himantopus, and similar limited distributions might be quoted almost ad infinitum.
(iv) Genera which either as a whole or in some of their species appear to afford indications of the underlying genetic affinity of their hosts.
Few nematode genera fill this condition, but two striking examples may be quoted. The genus Hchinonema contains two species only, one of which occurs in the marsupial Perameles obesula in Australia, the other in the marsupial Didelphys azarae in South America. The genetic affinity of the American with the Australian marsupials is confirmed by four separate categories of common parasites, nematode, trematode, cestode and mallophagan. The second example is afforded by the two genera which compose the tribe Deletrocephaleae of the sub- family Strongylinae. These are Codiostomum, with a single species found in three species of ostriches in Africa, and Deletrocephalus, with a single species occurring in Rhea americana of South America. Despite the view generally held by ornithologists that ostriches and rheas are not closely connected, a study of their parasites affords convincing evidence that they are.
These two examples, taken in conjunction with some of those quoted in the preceding section, suffice to show that, underlying the apparent confusion and disorder of nematode distribution, there are traces of a specific host-parasite relation such as is exhibited by most obligate parasites.
(v) Genera and species the distribution of which is so extraordinarily mixed that no satisfactory conclusions can be drawn from them.
This fifth category partly overlaps the first, but is meant to apply to conditions other than general viability. Thus the genus Ornithostrongylus has a species in the domestic pigeon in Australia and U.S.A., a second in a Brazilian Leptotila, a third in the African ostrich, while the fourth and fifth occur in the European bustard and grouse respectively. Even if it be granted that there are many more species to be discovered, no sense can be read into such a distribution, and one suspects at once that the genus is not a natural one. This is Miss Cram’s opinion, and she writes (1927, p. 12):—‘‘The pattern of the bursal rays is so divergent in the species included by Travassos in this genus as to raise a doubt as to whether all these species are congeneric.”’
The genus Aspidodera contains five species, two of which occur in marsupials of the genus Didelphys, and two in armadilloes belonging to several genera. The fifth occurs in both opossum and armadilloes. Such a distribution cannot be read as indicating genetic affinity, and it may be that some common food factor will ultimately explain it.
In the present state of knowledge it does not appear that nematodes can afford much help in unravelling the affinities of their hosts. But a better knowledge may reveal a different state of affairs. The chief hindrance seems to lie in the very general viability of nematodes. Thus the common gape-worm, Syngamus trachea, has achieved an almost cosmopolitan distribution in a wide variety of hosts. Yet Cram (1927, p. 37) is able to show that it is a natural parasite of the
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. XXili.
North American turkey, from which it has become transferred to all its other hosts. Bound up with this is the question of the reaction of the parasite to conditions obtaining in a new host, which tends to produce variations which may or may not be of specific value. One need but recall the interminable discussions about the status of the larger species of Ascaris found in the domestic animals
and man.
Sandground (1926) has made a careful study of this aspect in the genus Strongyloides. He writes (p. 66):—“In summing up the consideration of specia- tion in this genus, I may repeat that the incompleteness of certain records at present permits us to recognize representatives of the genus in mammals only. The parasite in no instance has undergone any fundamental morphological differentiation which can be correlated with physiological adaptation toward special environmental conditions in a particular host species. The most out- standing differences that are recognized in our present conception of specific distinction in the parasitic generation is that of size, but the relation that obtains between a parasite and its hosts must not be disregarded in the evaluation of this character. There appears to be no single character by means of which a specimen may be relegated to its specific position; on the other hand it is, I think, possible to make a determination in a considerable number of individuals if a number of characters representing the different stages in the life-history of the form be jointly considered.”
After remarking that some nematodes can successfully invade many hosts. while others are restricted in habit, Sandground proceeds to a general discussion of the phenomena of specificity in nematodes, for quoting which I make no apology, since it embodies the opinions of an expert worker in the group, and has therefore a far greater value than my own. He writes (loc. cit., pp. 68-69) :—
“Relatively little attention has been given until very recent times to the study _of specificity among nematodes but in the application of parasitology to control work, it may become a subject of no little importance.
“Among nematode parasites of plants, there are some . . . which are polyphagous in their habits. When attempts are made to transfer some of these forms to other host plants, known to be attacked by the same parasite in nature, success does not always follow. . . It seems that the restriction of a population of parasites to a particular host species for a great number of generations leads to a special adaptation towards this species and a corresponding loss of adaptability towards other hosts. This loss may only be temporary but if the parasite be restricted for a sufficient number of generations the probabilities are that the loss will be permanent. The mechanism of this host restriction may be of the nature of a physiological ability to utilize food of only a particular chemical constitution. Should no somatic changes occur in the structure of the parasite during this time, an inability to establish it in its original host under experimental conditions would lead to its being considered as a biological variety but should morphological adaptations develop concomitantly with the development of a host specificity, the parasite would come to be recognized as specifically distinct from its parent stock.
“The situation among nematode parasites of animals is, I believe, closely analogous to that which obtains among nematode plant parasites. The develop- ment of structural differences in certain groups of nematodes which parasitize different hosts is sometimes of a low order. The degree in which it occurs may
XXIV. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
depend upon several factors, such as the intrinsic plasticity of the parasite, the extent to which the change in environment in a new host calls for special adaptations, an evolution time factor, as well as upon other factors of a more obscure or less intelligible nature. Several intermediate gradations may be recog- nized in the evolution of a complete specificity of a parasite towards its definitive host. When embryonated eggs of several species of Ascaris are fed to abnormal hosts, the larvae which hatch from the eggs undergo the normal migration through the vascular system and lungs but when they return to the intestine, they are unable to establish themselves and are passed out of the body. The parasite shows different degrees of adaptation to different host animals. In some animals (rats, guinea pigs, etc.) Ascaris lwmbricoides is eliminated at an early stage, while in other animals (sheep, goats) the larvae can develop to a stage approaching maturity before they are out of the intestine. There are many who recognize a specific distinction between parasites which although morphologically indistinguishable appear to possess a high order of host specificity; thus for example Ascaris lumbricoides and A. swum. Although this procedure may not be warranted from the point of view of the systematist, from the standpoint of applied parasitology it is probably justifiable. The ability of a parasite to proceed to a certain stage in its development in an abnormal host may be further illustrated by the example of the human hookworm, Ancylostoma duodenale, which according to Looss and other observers is able to develop in young dogs almost to the mature stage before passing out of the abnormal host. In Strongyloides a most advanced condition is encountered; certain species, as will be shown later, develop to maturity in certain abnormal hosts and proceed to produce young but after a shorter or longer time the prolificity of reproduction gradually diminishes and eventually ceases, presumably with the death of the parasites.”
Sandground follows with an account of some infection experiments, the most interesting of which is that with Strongyloides filleborni, a common parasite of old world monkeys, including anthropoids. He did not succeed in inducing infections in dogs, cats or rats, but produced a small infection, persisting up to the eighth day, in man. Using Ateles geoffroyi, a new world monkey, he was able to secure a few larvae after five and six days, but failed in several attempts to reinfect. He concludes that the old and new world Strongyloides are distinct, but these experiments also suggest, though the evidence is slender, the closer affinity of man to the old world monkeys, and the more remote affinity of the genus Ateles, which, it is of interest to note, harbours a louse of the genus Pediculus, otherwise confined to man and the old world anthropoids.
Finally Darling (1920, 1921), who was a leading authority on hookworm, has actually used the host-parasite relation of the hookworms of man, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, as a basis for some interesting and suggestive speculations as to the interrelations and wanderings of the races of man. After stating (1921, p. 323) that either species is equally viable in any kind of man, he points out that holarctic peoples show a marked predominance of A. duodenale, while the predominant parasite in peoples of the Oriental and Hthiopian regions is N. americanus, which he found also in uncontaminated Fijians. He suggests that a survey of uncontaminated American Indian communities may indicate the origins of these peoples, and further that it may be possible to revise the ancestral tree of the primates after a study of the host relationships of their respective obligate nematode parasites.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. XXV.
It thus becomes evident, despite the hopeless confusion which the nematodes present to a generalizer not conversant with the group, that, in the hands of experts and after they are better known, they will afford the same kind of evidence of host relationships as do other obligate parasites.
viii—The Host-parasite Relation in Histriobdellids.
The Histriobdellidae are a family of primitive worms which are generally included in the Archiannelida, although they show no very obvious relationships with any other members of this group, and in some respects come nearer to the Trochelminthes. The family is a small one, comprising, so far as is at present known, only five species contained in two genera. These are:—
Histriobdella homari: van Beneden, found upon a EHuropean marine lobster, Nephrops norvegicus.
Stratiodrilus tasmanicus Haswell, found upon the Tasmanian crayfishes, Astacopsis tasmanicus, A. franklini.
Stratiodrilus novae-hollandiae Haswell, found upon the Australian crayfish, Astacopsis serratus.
Stratiodrilus haswelli Harrison, found upon the Madagascar crayfish, Astacoides madagascariensis.
Stratiodrilus platensis Cordero, found upon a fresh-water anomurous crab, Aeglea laevis, in Uruguay.
Both genera. have an obligate association with the gill filaments of decapods, upon the surface of which they normally live, though whether as parasites or as commensals has not been accurately determined. Histriobdella, the mcre primitive genus, is marine and has been found only in the northern hemisphere. Stratiodrilus is found in fresh waters of the southern hemisphere, in land masses as widely separated as South America, Australia and Madagascar, and its characteristic association appears to be with the southern crayfishes of the family Parastacidae, which are distributed in South America, New Zealand, Australia and Madagascar. I have dealt with these in more detail above, when discussing the host-parasite relations of the Temnocephaloidea. I have recently (1928) described and figured the species of Stratiodrilus from Madagascar, and figured also the South American species, and have drawn the following conclusions :—
“Tt seems reasonable to conclude that Stratiodrilus comes of marine ancestors, and that it, or an ancestral form of it, lived upon the marine forerunner of the Parastacid crayfishes. The transition to fresh-water conditions must have taken place once, and once only, upon a single land mass, for, even if it be argued that there were several migrations of marine Decapods carrying Histriobdellid parasites from the sea to the fresh waters of widely separated southern lands, these could not have received fresh-water Temnocephaloid parasites, which again must have had common origin on a single land mass. The association of the Parastacid crayfish with two unrelated parasitic groups, one probably of marine origin, the other giving no evidence of such an origin, seems to me to demand conclusively that there should have been land connections between Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand and South America in past time. Wegener gives the most plausible suggestion, and I have discussed this elsewhere (Harrison, 1928a). A difficulty would arise in connection with the absence of crayfishes from Africa, and it must be supposed that Madagascar had no land connection with Africa after it had received its crayfishes from the east.”
XXVi. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
ix.—The Host-parasite Relation in Lice.
Both biting and sucking lice are now included in a single order, Anoplura, following upon the work of Mjoberg, Kellogg and myself. I have further shown (1916) that the sucking lice are an offshoot of the more specialized suborder of biting lice, the Ischnocera. The work of Snodgrass (1896) has indicated quite clearly that the Anoplura as a whole are derived from the Copeognatha. The Anoplura are now divided into three equivalent suborders, Amblycera and Ischnocera comprising the biting lice, and Siphunculata the sucking lice. The interrelations of these are not quite clear. The Amblycera constitute the more generalized type, but show no obvious intergrades towards the Ischnocera, the two suborders being very sharply cut off from one another. My own opinion is that they represent an earlier and a later independent derivation from psocid stock. The Siphunculata are certainly derived from the Ischnocera, and a link in this derivation is certainly provided by the elephant louse, Haematomyzus, which is so distinct from either (Harrison, 1919) that it is probably entitled to equivalent subordinal rank.
The more primitive Amblycera are two-clawed (except for the family Gyro- pidae, in which one claw has become lost) and have the antennae concealed in a fossa beneath the head. The Ischnocera and Siphunculata have the antennae freely exposed laterally, and have but a single functional claw. All Ischnocera save the Trichodectidae, however, exhibit a non-functional second claw, in various stages of reduction, and not connected with the flexing apparatus of the tarsus, which accounts for the usual statement that the Ischnocera are two-clawed. Haematomyzus, Scipio and Hybophthirus amongst the Siphunculata show similar traces of derivation from a two-clawed condition.
The host relations of these major groups are of considerable interest. The Amblycera occur upon birds, upon marsupials both in Australia and in South America, and upon a certain number of rodents in South America only, and not in any other part of the world. Those which occur upon mammals are at present included in three families, the Boopidae on Australian marsupials, the Trimeno- ponidae upon marsupials and rodents, and the Gyropidae upon rodents in South America. Ferris (1922, p. 76) has discussed this somewhat anomalous distribution as follows:—
“As has been many times pointed out, one of the most interesting problems in connection with the study of these ectoparasites is that of their distribution. This is, at least in part, the problem of the genetic relationships of their hosts. Just how far the two problems are concurrent is the most fascinating aspect of it all. In the case of the South American two-clawed species infesting mammals it is evident that the two problems diverge rather early, at least if we may form any conclusions from the rather scanty amount of information that is available.
“The majority of the two-clawed Mallophaga from mammals have been taken from marsupials in Australia and for these Harrison has named a distinct family the Boopidae. Two of the species herein dealt with are from marsupials, but apparently they find their nearest relatives not in the Australian marsupial- infesting species but in other species from South American rodents. The one consolation for those of us who like to see our theories work as they should is that these two species are apparently referable to the same genus. Of the other three species, one is from members of the rodent family Lagostomidae, one from the family Octodontidae, and one from the family Caviidae. There is at least a
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. XXVii.
suggestion that here the problem of the distribution of the parasites is in large part geographical.
“A similar situation appears to exist in the case of the Mallophagan family, Gyropidae, the members of which occur upon mammals that appear to have little more in common than the circumstance that all are South American.” :
Ferris’s paper, published in England, anticipated by a fortnight one of my own bearing practically the same title published in Australia, in which I wrote (1922, p. 154) as follows:—
“Vallophaga from Australian marsupials are contained in a family, the Boopidae, which finds its closest relations in the Gyropidae, a family found upon certain South American rodents. Certain South American rodents also harbour the two contained species of a third family, the Trimenoponidae. With the exception of these three small groups, all mammalian Mallophaga belong to the widely different family Trichodectidae, which is placed in a distinct super-family.
“Believing as I do that Mallophagan parasites afford valuable indications as to the genetic relationships of their hosts, I have always been puzzled by this distribution. That the marsupials of Australia should not carry the same kinds of parasites as the EHutherian mammals is reasonable enough. But, apart from marsupials, I should have expected all other mammalian Mallophaga to belong to the Trichodectidae. Hence the occurrence of two small, but distinct, families, not upon rodents in general, nor even upon American rodents in general, but on a limited number of South American rodent species, families which showed, more- over, some relationship with the Boopidae, but differed from all other Mallophaga, was difficult to reconcile with my ideas.
“The explanation would appear to be that such Amblyceran Mallophaga as occur on South American rodents have been migrants in the past from the marsupial stock. The new genus which I describe from a South American marsupial must be placed in the Trimenoponidae, but shows marked features of resemblance to the Boopidae, and some points of contact with the Gyropidae. It is, of course, no use trying to base definite conclusions on a single marsupial- infesting species, but it seems likely that, when more information is available concerning the Mallophagan parasites of American rodents and marsupials, the suggestion thrown out here may be upheld. It is also possible that the discovery of further connecting forms will make it advisable to unite these three anomalous groups under one family name.”
The additional information contained in Ferris’s paper confirms me in my opinion. The marsupial fauna of South America is a dwindling remnant of once dominant forms, as is indicated by the rich deposits of marsupial remains found by Ameghino. Peramys and Caenolestes, marsupials from which Ferris records two-clawed Mallophaga, are small creatures of rodent-like habit and habitat. Unless it be assumed that these and their like have passed their parasites on to rodents sharing their haunts, we must accept a condition otherwise unpre- cedented amongst lice, which have no zoogeographical distribution independent of their host groups. That two-clawed Mallophaga are viable on other than their natural hosts is well shown by the large number of records of the taking of Heterodoxus, a Boopid genus absolutely characteristic of the Australian marsupial genus Macropus, upon dogs, foxes and coyotes in various parts of the world. Paine was so much impressed by this fact that he has stated (1912, p. 361) that this genus is mammal infesting, probably characteristic of dogs.
XXVIii. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
“The Amblycera, then, appear to be natural parasites of birds and marsupials, while the Ischnocera are natural parasites of birds and placental mammals. The Siphunculata are entirely confined to placental mammals. This distribution suggests a very ancient history of parasitism, and, taken with other available data, has led me to the opinion that the Amblycera parasitized birds and marsupials before the placental mammals came into existence, while the Ischnocera and Siphunculata are of later origin than the marsupials themselves. Since, however, the two latter groups have a cosmopolitan distribution upon placentals, they must be practically as ancient as these mammals. Consequently we have a history of parasitism for all three groups which must cover practically the whole period of evolution of their hosts. Since the parasites have not, in general, evolved at so rapid a rate as their hosts, their relationships may be more easily traced, and will in many cases afford suggestive evidence as to host affinities.
I do not intend to discuss the Amblycera in any detail. They are more active than the Ischnocera, tend to wander from the body of the host after death, and seem to be able to live without inconvenience upon other than their natural hosts. In general, however, they display a specific host-parasite relation, and, when better known, will probably prove almost if not quite as useful as the Ischnocera for the purpose of assessing host affinities. Those genera which have been definitely delimited in recent years exhibit precise host relations. The genus Tetrophthalmus is confined to pelicans, Eomenopon to parrots, Trochiloecetes to humming-birds, and so on. Ferris and Uchida are in process of making critical studies of the suborder, and, when these are completed, the results will very certainly lend themselves to a consideration of host relationships.
The Ischnocera, however, are much more valuable from this point of view. They are more diversified in form, exhibit a better range of characters, and show a much higher degree of specificity towards their hosts. This last is very largely due to the fact that they do not leave the body of the host at death, but fix themselves by their mandibles to feathers or hair, and die in situ. They may, in consequence, be easily, and for the most part safely, collected from dried skins in museums, and it is of passing interest to note that I have a fairly considerable collection taken from skins collected by the Challenger, as well as a few dating back to the voyage of the Beagle.
The condition among the Ischnocera is such that the parasites of any host group have a common facies, and are recognizable at sight as coming from a particular host group. I should scarcely be justified in saying that I could name the host group for any Ischnoceran that was submitted to me, since there are some groups of birds with whose Ischnoceran Mallophaga I am not familiar. But for all well-known groups of birds with a wide distribution I could say with- out hesitation that a given louse came from a crow, a kingfisher, a cuckoo, a parrot, a gannet, a petrel, or such other bird as might be. For those groups which I have studied most intensively I would go even further. For almost all Ischnoceran parasites of the Tubinares, for instance, I could name the actual genus of petrels from which any louse shown me was derived.
There can be no doubt whatever that the Ischnoceran Mallophaga have evolved pari passu with their host groups, and that the latter carry their appropriate parasites whether at the pole or the equator. After a number of years of study I am just bringing to conclusion a critical examination of the Ischnocera as a whole, which will involve the diagnosis of upwards of a hundred new genera, and which will exhibit the main lines of evolution within the
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. BRONGIPK cs
group. I do not propose to anticipate here the results of this study, but, although inadequacy of material in certain directions has rendered: these less complete than I had hoped, I shall nevertheless be able to discuss the broad lines of bird evolution upon the basis of their Ischnoceran parasites, and to suggest a certain number of emendations in bird classification.
The Siphunculata are even more specific in their host relations than the Ischnocera, but are not yet well enough known to be of much use in questions ‘of host relationships. Ferris (1919, 1921, 1922, 1923) is engaged in monographing the group, and, when his work is completed, it should be very valuable from this point of view. Kellogg (1913a@) has shown that man and the anthropoids share a genus of sucking lice which is distinct from that found upon the lower monkeys.
x.—The Host-parasite Relation in Other Insects.
Amongst insects there are many parasitic groups, especially in the Diptera and Hymenoptera. These have not been studied from the point of view of host relations, but my colleague, Mr. A. J. Nicholson, informs me that there does not appear to be any strict specificity towards insect hosts. Phytophagous insects, on the other hand, exhibit in many cases an absolute specificity towards the plants which they parasitize, but so far little attention has been paid to this relation. Dr. G. A. Waterhouse has kindly given me some brief notes upon the food-plants of Australian butterflies. In the genus Papilio, species of the subgenus Pharmaco- phagus feed upon Aristolochia, rarely upon allied plants; those of the subgenus Papilio chiefly unon Rutaceae (more especially citrus fruit trees), but also upon Umbelliferae; those of the subgenus Cosmodesmus upon Anonaceae. Delias feeds on Loranthus, Hlodina and Huphina on Capparis, Catopsilia and Terias on Cassia, the Danaida on Asclepiadeae. Many Lycaenids feed upon Leguminosae, others upon Loranthus. Satyrids and some Hesperiids feed on monocotyledons, in many cases being limited to single genera, e.g. Tisiphone and Hesperilla on Gahnia and Trapezites on Xerotes. It is possible that some significance may attach to the fact that these archaic groups are confined to monocotyledonous plants. In any event the whole question of host-parasite relations in insects seems worthy of further study.
xi.—Conclusion.
The foregoing far from exhaustive discussion brings out clearly enough, I think, that there is a general specificity underlying obligate host-parasite relations, however much this may, in some groups, be obscured by the interposition of other factors. Parasites have evolved pari passu with their hosts and the history of parasitism goes far back in time. Parasites may therefore quite justifiably be used to aid in the solution of problems affecting their hosts in the various ways indicated in my opening remarks. Where evidence can be derived trom more than one group of parasites, as for example in the cases of struthious birds and fresh-water crayiishes which I have mentioned, its value is greatly increased.
In conclusion, I should like to plead not only for a wider application of this host-parasite relation to zoological problems in general, but, also, and more particularly, for the more careful collection of all groups of parasites. Any mammal or any bird harbours parasites without and within which may prove of more value in determining its affinities and status than the skin which is usually the sole trophy of the collector. No parasitic group is at all well known,
and until this state of affairs is altered the host-parasite method cannot attain to its full usefulness.
XXX. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
References.
ANDREWS, J. M., 1927..—Host-parasite specificity in the Coccidia of Mammals. Journ. Parasitology, xiii, pp. 183-194.
CorprErRO, E. H., 1927.—Un nuevo Arquianélido, Stratiodrilus platensis, n. sp., que habita sobre Aeglea laevis (Latr.). Physis, viii, 574-577.
Cram, E. B., 1927.—Bird parasites of the Nematode Suborders Strongylata, Ascaridata and Spirurata. Bull. 140, U.S. Nat. Museum, 465 pp.
DasRLING, S. T., 1921.—The distribution of hookworms in the zoological regions. Science, N.S., liii, No. 1371, pp. 323-4.
DuNN, E. R., 1925.—The host-parasite method and the distribution of Frogs. Amer. Naturalist, lix, pp. 370-375.
FERrRis, G. F., 1919-1923.—Contributions toward a monograph of the Sucking Lice, Stan- ford University Publications, Pt. i, 1919; Pt. ii, 1921; Pt. iii, 1922; Pt. iv, 1923.
, 1922.—The Mallophagan Family Trimenoponidae. Parasitology, xiv, No. 1,
pp. 75-86.
GROBBELAAR, C. S., 1922.—Some Trematodes in South African Anura and the relation- ships and distribution of their hosts. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Af., x, pp. 191-199.
HARRISON, lL, 1911.—The taxonomic value of certain parasites. Abstract in Ann. Rept.
Syd. Uni. Sci. Soc., 1911-2.
, 1914.—The Mallophaga as a possible clue to bird phylogeny. Aust. Zoologist,
i, 1, pp. 7-11. , 1915.—Mallophaga from Apteryx, and their significance. Parasitology, viii, No. 1, pp. 88-100.
, 1915a.—The relation of the phylogeny of the parasite to that of the host. Rept. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1915, pp. 476-7 (Abstract).
, 1916.—Bird-parasites and Bird-phylogeny. Jbis, April, 1916, pp. 254-2€8. Abstract and discussion in Bull. cexii, Brit. Orn. Club.
, 1916a.—A preliminary account of the mouth-parts of the Body-louse. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., xviii, pp. 207-226. 1919.—Note on the mouth-parts of Lice. Awst. Zoologist, i, 7, pp. 214-216.
, 1922.—On the Mallophagan Family Trimenoponidae. Aust. Zoologist, ii, 4, pp. 154-158.
, 1924.—The migration route of the Australian Marsupial Fauna. Aust. Zoologist, ili, 7, pp. 247-263. 1926.—Crucial evidence for Antarctic radiation. Amer. Naturakst, lx, pp. 374-
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, 1928.—On the genus Stratiodrilus, ete. Rec. Aust. Mus., xvi, pp. 116-121.
, 1928a.—The composition and origins of the Australian Fauna, with special reference to the Wegener hypothesis. Rept. Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci., Perth, 1926 (in press). :
JOHNSTON, S. J., 1912.—On some Trematode parasites of Australian frogs. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxxvii, pp. 285-362.
, 1913.—Trematode parasites and the relationships and distribution of their hosts. Rept. Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci., Melbourne, 1913, pp. 272-278.
, 1914.—Australian Trematodes and Cestodes; a study in Zoogeography. Med. Journ. Aust., Sept. 12. Abstract in Proc. Brit. Assn. Adv. Sci., Australia, 1914.
, 1916.—On the Trematodes of Australian birds. Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., 1, pp. 187-261.
Kruitoee, V. L., 1896.—New Mallophaga, i. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vi, pp. 31-168. ————,, 1913.—Distribution and species-forming of Ectoparasites. Amer. Natwralist, xlvii, pp. 129-158.
, 1918a.—EHctoparasites of the monkeys, apes and man. Science, N.S. xxxviii, pp. 601-2. , 1914.—Hctoparasites of mammals. Amer. Naturalist, xlviii, pp. 257-279.
KELLOGG and Kuwana, 1902.—Mallophaga from birds. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iv, pp. 457-491. MrecirtT, F. J., 1924.—The Cestodes of Mammals. London, 282 pp.
MERRILL, E D., 1926.—The influence of the Australian Flora upon the Flora of the Philippines. Proc. Pan-Pacific Sci. Cong., 19238, Vol. i, pp. 3238-4. Mzrcaur, M. M., 1921.—Upon an important method of studying problems of relationship and of geographical distribution. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vi. , 1923.--The Opalinid Ciliate Infusorians. Bull. 120, U.S. Nat. Mus., 484 pp.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. Xxxi.
MetcaLr, M. M., 1923a.—The origin and distribution of the Anura. Amer. Naturalist, lvii, pp. 385-411.
Nose, G. K., 1922.—The phylogeny of the Salientia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., x¥1vi, pp. 1-87.
, 1925.—The evolution and dispersal of Frogs. Amer. Naturalist, lix, pp. 265-271.
NYBELIN, O., 1917.—Australische Cestoden. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad., Handlingar, lii, No. 14, 48 pp.
Paine, J. H., 1912.—The Mallophagan Genus Heterodoxus. Ent. News, xxiii, pp. 359-362.
SANDGROUND, J. H., 1926.—Specificity in the Nematode genus Strongyloides. Journ. Parasitol., xii, 2, pp. 59-80.
SnNoperAss, R., 1896.—In Kellogg, New Mallophaga, i, q.v.
SmuLes and Hassaut, 1908.—Index-catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology. Trematoda. Washington.
, 1920.—Ditto, Roundworms. Washington.
WarD, H. B., 1926.—The needs and opportunities in parasitology. Science, N.S., Ixiv, pp. 231-236.
WENYON, C. M., 1926.—Protozoology, 2 vols., London. Bailliére, Tindall and Cox.
ZSCHOKKE, F., 1898.—Die Cestoden der Marsupialia und Monotremata. Denkschr. med- naturw. Gesellschaft, Jena, Bd. viii.
, 1899.—Neue Studien an Cestoden aplacentaler Saéugethiere. Zeitschr. f. wiss.
Zool., Bd. |xv.
, 1907.—Moniezia diaphana n. sp. Hin weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der
Cestoden aplacentaler Saéugethiere. Centralbl. f.. Bakt., xliv, Abt. 1.
On the motion of the Chairman, the following resolution was carried in silence, the Members standing: The Members of the Linnean Society record their deep sorrow at the loss of their President, Professor L. Harrison, whose sudden and unexpected death has stricken his colleagues and friends with grief. Australian Science has lost one of its most brilliant zoologists and one of its most inspiring teachers of zoology, and this Society has lost one of its most valuable members whose place will be difficult to fill. The Members express their sympathy with Mrs. Harrison in her sad bereavement.
Dr. G. A. Waterhouse, Hon. Treasurer, presented the balance sheets for the year ending 31st December, 1927, duly certified as correct by the Auditor, Mr. F. H. Rayment, F.C.P.A., Incorporated Accountant; and he moved that they be received and adopted, which was carried unanimously.
No nominations of other Candidates having been received the Chairman declared the following elections for the ensuing Session to be duly made:—
Members of Council: W. R. Browne, D.Sc., R. H. Cambage, C.B.E., F.L.S., W. W. Froggatt, F.L.S., A. J. Nicholson, M.Sc., F.E.S., G. A. Waterhouse, D.Sc., B.E., F.E.S.
Auditor: F H. Rayment, F.C.P.A.
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ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
SPECIAL GENERAL MEETING. 28th Marcu, 1928. Mr. R. H. Cambage, C.B.E., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. Business: To elect the President and a Member of Council for the year 1928-29.
The Chairman explained that the elections for which the Special General Meeting had been called were rendered necessary by the death of Professor Harrison, who had been nominated as President for 1928-29 and also as a Member of Council, but whose death took piace after the closing date for nominations. The elections, therefore, were to be made at a Special General Meeting in accord- ance with Section 10 of the Society’s Act of Incorporation.
Election of President: Assistant-Professor W. R. Browne, D.Sc., was unanimously elected President for the Session 1928-29.
Election of Member of Council: The vacancy on the Council was filled by the election of I. M. Mackerras, M.B., Ch.M., B.Sc.
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. 28th MarcH, 1928. Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (30th November, 1927) amounting to 46 Vols., 323 Parts or Nos., 37 Bulletins, 10 Reports and 5 Pamphlets, received from 139 Societies and Institutions and 6 private donors were laid upon the table.
; PAPERS READ. 1. Notes on Australian Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species. Part i. By Charles G. Oke. 2. The Loranthaceae of Australia. Part vii. By W. F. Blakely. 3. The Growth Rings in the Wood of Australian Araucarian Conifers. By W. D. Francis.
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEBRTING. 27th Apri, 1928.
Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
Mr. Jacop HaroLtp SmitrH, Brisbane, and Mr. THomaAas ARNOLD WILLIAMS, Murgon, Queensland, were elected Ordinary Members of the Society.
The Chairman announced that Messrs. A. G. Hamilton, R. H. Cambage, H. J. Carter and A. F. Basset Hull had been elected Vice-Presidents and Dr. G. A. Waterhouse, Hon. Treasurer, for the Session 1928-29.
The President offered the congratulations of the Society to Messrs. C. Barnard and I. V. Newman on attaining their M.Sc. degree at the University of Sydney.
XXXVi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
The President referred to the death of Mr. William Welch, who had been a member of the Society since 1916.
The President drew the attention of members to the Fifth International Botanical Congress to be held at Cambridge in 1930.
The Donations and Hxchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (28th March, 1928) amounting to 15 Vols., 126 Parts or Nos., 20 Bulletins, 4 Reports and 24 Pamphlets, received from 88 Societies and Institutions and 1 private donor were laid upon the table.
PAPERS READ.
1. A Revision of the Australian Bombyliidae (Diptera). Parti. By Frederick H. S. Roberts, M.Sc.
2. Crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera) from Barrington Tops, N.S.W. By Charles P. Alexander, F.E.S. (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
3. A Review of the Australian Species of Corysanthes (Orchidaceae). By the Rev. H. M. R. Rupp, B.A., and W. H. Nicholls.
4. Fossil Plants from Plutoville, Cape York Peninsula. By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. HE. Cheel exhibited a fresh flowering specimen of “Spear Thistle” (Carduus lanceolata) with white flowers. The seeds were collected from plants naturalized at Maclean (North Coast district) which have apparently become fixed, as there were several plants in the neighbourhood with white flowers. So far, all the plants grown at Ashfield from the seeds collected at Maclean have produced white flowers.
Dr. F. N. Blanchard (University of Michigan) exhibited specimens of the frog Crinia tasmaniensis which he had collected in Tasmania during January. This species was originally described by Giinther in 1864 from specimens collected in Tasmania and preserved in the British Museum, but seemed to have been lost as it had apparently not been again collected from Tasmania. Since Dr. Blanchard had collected it, however, specimens had been found in the Australian Museum, collected by Professor H. J. Goddard in 1909, and the late Charles Hedley in 1911.
Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, Professor of Zoology in the University of Colorado, delivered a short address on “Wild Bees’’.
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. 30th May, 1928.
Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
Miss Daphne Lydia Goulston, Centennial Park, Sydney, was elected an Ordinary Member of the Society.
Letters were received from Messrs. C. Barnard and I. V. Newman, returning thanks for congratulations.
The President announced that the Council has decided to advertise the position of Macleay Bacteriologist in Australia and New Zealand and also in England. A salary of £600 per annum will be offered and applications will close on 30th November, 1928. A circular containing information for intending applicants will be available at an early date.
The President announced that the Council has decided to institute a series of memorials to distinguished members of the Society who have died. The memorials will take the form of an extended biography, bibliography, portrait,
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXVIi.
and other suitable matter; they will be issued separately and will also be printed in the Proceedings. Of the members who have died since 1st January, 1925, the date fixed for the commencement of the Memorial Series, the Council has decided to prepare memorials of Professor W. A. Haswell, Mr. C. Hedley and Mr. J. H. Maiden. Any information that members may be able to afford concerning these three former members will be welcomed.
The President referred to the death of Professor J. V. Danes, a former member, at Pasadena, California.
The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (27th April, 1928) amounting to 9 Vols., 135 Parts or Nos., 17 Bulletins, 3 Reports and 28 Pamphlets, received from 73 Societies and Institutions and 3 private donors were laid upon the table.
PAPERS READ.
1. The Physiography of the Cox River Basin. By F. A. Craft, B.Sc.
2. The Larva of Hemiphlebia mirabilis (Odonata). By R. J. Tillyard, M.A., Se1D., IDSG.5 PAIS.
3. The Geology of the South Coast of New South Wales. Part i. The Palaeozoic Geology of the Moruya District. By Ida A. Brown, B.Sc., Linnean Macleay Fellow of the Society in Geology.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Professor Sir Edgeworth David exhibited specimens of the extensive fauna of archi-annelids and archi-arthropods recently found by him in the, probably, Pre-Cambrian rocks of the Adelaide Series of South Australia, and the Nullagine Series of Western Australia, both in the Pilbara Region and over the Kimberley and Wyndham areas. This new fauna is rich in forms, and the minute appendages of the fossils are in many cases exquisitely preserved. These fossils commence at about 2,000 feet below the base of the known fossiliferous Lower Cambrian, and extend to about 10,009 feet stratigraphically lower. For the privilege of examining a number of the rocks in which the fossils have now been found he is indebted to his colleague Professor W. Howchin.
Mr. E. Cheel exhibited live plants of a native “Buttercup” (Ranunculus sp.) probably undescribed, collected originally on Lake George by Mr. H. Fester. Plants kept in a semi-submerged condition flowered during December last but failed to set their achenes. When pollinated with pollen taken from Ranunculus rivularis the flowers set their seeds. The resultant seedlings (6 of which are thriving) developed three trifid leaves following the cotyledons, similar to those of the parent plant from Lake George, but the lobes of the seedlings are slightly broader. Subsequent leaves are more or less dissected but not nearly so much as those of Ranunculus rivularis (the pollen bearer), which are also much more deeply dissected, and have more numerous lobes. The leaves of the seedlings are of a much darker green colour than those of the Lake George plants and also those of Ranunculus rivularis. It is intended to continue further observations on the seedlings in order to compare the flowers and achenes with those of the two parent plants.
Mr. W. W. Froggatt exhibited foliage of the “Boree” (Acacia Oswaldi), aborted with blister-like galls by a small Thrips. Each of these small galls contains an average of about 200 adult Thrips. The scar on the underside of the leaf where
XXXVili. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. the mother thrips entered the tissue has closed up behind her, so that the enclosed insects cannot emerge until the leaf gall contracts and the scar opens. The specimens were collected at Leeton, N.S.W., by one of our members, Mr. Keith McKeown.
Miss Ida Brown exhibited specimens of Spirifer disjuncta from the Devonian quartzites of the Moruya District. Two varieties are represented both of which are somewhat different from the form found at Mt. Lambie.
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. 27th JUNE, 1928.
Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
Rey. Ernest Henry Burgmann, Morpeth, N.S.W., and Miss Hileen Leys Durrell, Drummoyne, were elected Ordinary Members of the Society.
The President referred to the death of Mr. John Hopson of Eccleston, N.S.W., who had been a member of the Society since 1918.
The President referred with pleasure to the proclamation issued by the Govern- ment extending the existing protection to certain species of wild flowers for a further period of twelve months and including a number of additional species.
The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (30th May, 1928) amounting to 19 Vols., 126 Parts or Nos., 11 Bulletins, 8 Reports and 9 Pamphlets, received from 72 Societies and Institutions were laid upon the table. ;
PAPERS READ.
1. Fossil Plants from the Upper Palaeozoic Rocks of New South Wales. By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc.
2. On the Life-history of Ceratodus (Epiceratodus forsteri). By T. L. Bancroft, M.B., Ch.M. (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
3. Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xiv. By J. R. Malloch. (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
4, Lepidodendroid Remains from Yalwal, N.S.W. By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc.
5. The Australasian Species of the Genus Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera, Psychodidae). By C. P. Alexander. (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
6. Revision of the Australian Species of the Genera Curis, Neocuris and Trachys, together with Notes, and Descriptions of New Species of other Coleoptera. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.H.S.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. A. F. Basset Hull exhibited specimens of a Loricate, Acanthozostera gemmata Bly. from Hrromanga, New Hebrides, collected by the Rev. J. Campbell Rae. The species has a wide range through tropical Australia and the Pacific Islands.
Mr. A. Musgrave exhibited some specimens of Capsid bugs, Calocoris norwegicus Gmelin 1790 = bipunctatus Fabricius 1781 (nom. praeocc.), from West Devonport, Tasmania. These were sent to the Australian Museum by Mr. H. Stuart Dove, who stated that they had bitten a young man on the back of the hand raising a sup- purating swelling which took ten days to heal. The bugs were not represented in the Museum collections and were sent to the British Museum where they were identified by Mr. W. E. China. The species was first recorded from Norway by
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XXXI1X.
Fabricius, but it has since been noted from New Zealand and U. S. America. The occurrence of the species in Tasmania further extends its range, and its ability to inflict injury to man constitutes at least a record for Australia. No members of the family have so far been known to cause suffering to man in Australia.
AMENDMENTS TO THE INTERNATIONAL RULES OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.*
Upon unanimous recommendation by the International Commission on Zoo- logical Nomenclature, the International Zoological Congress which met at Budapest, Hungary, September 4-9, 1927, adopted a very important amendment to Article 25 (Law of Priority) which makes this Article, as amended, read as follows (the underlined part represents the amendment; the part not underlined represents the old wording) :—
ARTICLE 25. The valid name ef a genus or species can be only that name under which it was first designated on the condition—
(a) That (prior to January 1, 1931) this name was published and accompanied by an indication, or a definition, or a description; and
(6) That the author has applied the principles of binary nomenclature.
(c) But no generic name or specific name published after December 31, 1930, shall have any status of availability (hence, also, of validity) under the rules, unless and until it is published either—
(1) With a summary of characters (seu diagnosis; seu definition; seu condensed description) which differentiate or distinguish the genus or the species from other genera or species;
(2) Or with a definite bibliographic reference to such summary of characters (seu diagnosis; seu definition; seu condensed description). And further—
(3) In the case of a ggneric name, with the definite unambiguous designation of the type species (seu genotype; seu autogenotype; seu orthotype).
The purpose of this amendment is to inhibit two of the most important factors which heretofore have produced confusion in scientific names. The date January 1, 1931, was selected (instead of making the amendment immediately effective) in order to give authors ample opportunity to accommodate themselves to the new rule.
The Commission unanimously adopted the following resolution :—
(a) It is requested that an author who publishes a name as new shall definitely state that it is new, that this be stated in only one (i.e. in the first) publication, and that the date of publication be not added to the name in its first publication.
(bo) It is requested that an author who quotes a generic name, or a specific name, or a subspecific name shall add at least once the author and year of publication of the quoted name or a full bibliographic reference.
The foregoing resolution was adopted in order to inhibit the confusion which has frequently resulted from the fact that authors have occasionally published a given name as “new” in two to five or more different articles of different dates— up to five years in exceptional cases.
* This report of proceedings of the Congress is reprinted from Public Health Reports, U.S. Public Health Service, 1927, xlii (43), 2639.
xl. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. 25th Jury, 1928.
Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
The President referred to the death of Mr. Bert Bertram, a member who had joined the Society only this year and who was doing very promising work on mosquito control.
The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (27th June, 1928) amounting to 4 Vols., 74 Parts or Nos., 4 Bulletins and 2 Pamphlets, received from 47 Societies and Institutions and 2 private donors were laid upon the table.
PAPERS READ.
1. Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xv. By J. R. Malloch. (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
2. Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xvi. By J. R. Malloch. (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
3. New Species of Australian Erirhinides (Curculionidae). By A. M. Lea, F.E.S.
4. Notes on four little-known Species of Kangaroos. By A. S. Le Souef, C.M.Z.S.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. E. Cheel exhibited specimens of Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana Poiss., collected at Angourie near Maclean in July, 1927, together with a seedling raised from seed collected at. the same time. He also exhibited fresh specimens collected at Nambucca on Thursday, 19th July, 1928, identical with the Angourie specimens. Specimens of typical C. equisetifolia collected by the exhibitor in Fiji in July, 1918, have much finer branchlets and smaller fruits which seem to indicate that Allan Cunningham was justified in regarding this as a distinct species. It has previously been recorded from Nambucca by the late J. H. Maiden (Forest Flora, v, 19138, 155, pl. 182) but Angourie is a new locality.
Flowering specimens were also exhibited, on behalf of Dr. G. A. Waterhouse, of Acacia adenophora Sieber, which seems to be an undoubted hybrid, as seedlings raised from the adenophora forms frequently show characters similar to those of Acacia Baileyana, which seems also to have originated as a hybrid. Stages of development of a hybrid, Acacia dealbata »« A. Baileyana were exhibited some years ago (see PROCEEDINGS, 19238, p. xxxiv).
Dr. A. B. Walkom exhibited (1) a specimen of a Lepidodendron stem with leaves attached, collected by Mr. C. A. Sussmilch from the Carboniferous north of the Hunter River; (2) some Lepidodendroid remains from the Geology Department, University of Sydney, collected near Hden by Dr. W. G. Woolnough. These specimens resemble some recently described as Protolepidodendron from Devonian rocks further to the north at Yalwal; (3) for Dr. Eland Shaw, a series of photo- graphs of Thrips, very greatly enlarged, taken by Mr. Dudley Moulton.
The Secretary has received an inquiry from Mr. William Moore, who is writing a history of Australian Art, as to the existence of portraits or busts of Australians of scientific importance. He has record of the following, and would appreciate any additional information from members of the society :—
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. x1i.
Portraits (with artist’s name, and locality of portrait): Hon. Alexander Macleay (artist unknown, Australian Museum, Sydney), Prof. A. Liversidge (Hon. John Collier, Sydney University), Rev. W. B. Clarke (Annivitti, Royal Society, Sydney), Rev. John Smith (artist unknown, Royal Society, Sydney), Professor Stephens (Miss Ethel Stephens, Linnean Society, Sydney), Dr. Robert Townson (Augustus Harle, locality unknown), Sir Hdgeworth David (Longstaff, Sydney University), Sir Baldwin Spencer (W. B. McInnes, Melbourne University), Robert L. J. Ellery (EH. Phillips Fox, Melbourne Gallery), Joseph Henry Maiden (Norman Carter, Botanic Gardens, Sydney), Sir Joseph Banks (Henry Eldridge, Sydney Gallery), Sir Joseph Banks (Lawson Balfour, Commonwealth Collection, Canberra), Allan Cunningham (artist unknown, Commonwealth National Library).
Busts: J. Cosmo Newbury (Percival Ball, Melbourne Gallery), Sir William Macleay (Simonetti, Linnean Society, Sydney).
Statues: Sir Joseph Banks (sculptor unknown, Lands Office, Sydney), Allan Cunningham (sculptor unknown, Lands Office, Sydney).
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. 29th Aucust, 1928.
Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
Miss Della Lytton Pratt, B.Sc., Lindfield, and Messrs. Thomas Hodge Smith, Australian Museum, Sydney, and Lionel Lawry Waterhouse, B.E., Chatswood, were elected Ordinary Members of the Society.
The Chairman, on behalf of members, offered congratulations to Professor Grifith Taylor on his appointment to a Chair of Geography in the University of Chicago.
Members offered congratulations to Drs. Browne and Wardlaw on their election as Members of the Australian National Research Council, and to Dr. Mackerras, Messrs. Osborne, Kinghorn, Roughley, M. B. Welch, Troughton and L. L. Waterhouse, on their election as Associate Members of the Australian National Research Council.
The President called the attention of members to the conditions announced by the Royal Society of New South Wales to govern the award of the Walter Burfitt Prize.
The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (25th July, 1928) amounting to 44 Vols., 253 Parts or Nos., 9 Bulletins, 1 Report and 5 Pamphlets, received from 74 Societies and Institutions were laid upon the table.
PAPERS READ.
1. The Tanyderidae (Diptera) of Australia. By ©. PB. Alexander: (Communicated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
2. Terrestrial Orchids of Barrington Tops. By Rev. H. M. R. Rupp, B.A.
3. A Revision of the Australian Bombyliidae (Diptera). Part ii. By F. H. S. Roberts, M.Sc.
4. Notes on Australian Lycaenidae. Part vi. By G. A. Waterhouse, D.Sc., B.E., F.E.S.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. David G. Stead exhibited a number of fancy goldfish (Carassius auratus, ‘ var.), portion of a lot of about 200 bred out from one pair of “plain” goldfish. Van
xiii. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
The parent fish had the tail lobes just a little elongated, but not long enough to be called ‘“comet-tailed.” ‘The progeny showed the greatest variation in colour and form. About 50% were plain carp or goldfish, and the remainder showed every sort of variation in general form of body colour and tail. It was remarkable also that whereas the parents were ordinary “scaled” sorts, many of the progeny were scaleless.
Mr. Stead also drew attention to the early appearance of the common bladder weed or balloon weed; a seaweed that makes its appearance usually considerably later, in September. The unusually warm winter had hastened its appearance. First specimens for the season were seen to-day, and one was exhibited.
Contributions to the discussion on Mr. Craft’s paper on the “Physiography of the Cox River Basin” were made by Mr. C. A. Sussmilch, Professor L. A. Cotton and the President. Mr. Craft replied to criticisms of his paper.
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. 26th SEPTEMBER, 1928.
Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
Mr. Edgar Alexander Hamilton, Chatswood, was elected an Ordinary Member of the Society.
A letter was read from Professor Griffith Taylor, returning thanks for congratulations. '
The President announced that the Council is prepared to receive applications for Four Linnean Macleay Fellowships tenable for one year from ist March, 1829, from qualified candidates. Applications should be lodged with the Secretary, who will afford all necessary information to intending candidates, not later than Wednesday, 7th November, 1928.
The President, on behalf of members, offered congratulations to Dr. G. A. Waterhouse and Dr. I. M. Mackerras on their appointment by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research to the staff of the Division of Hconomic Entomology at Canberra.
The President announced that, as a representative of the Society, he had attended a meeting called by the Chief Civic Commissioner to arrange a suitable celebration of the bicentenary of the birth of Captain Cook. The main celebration will take place on Saturday, 27th October, the arrangements being in the hands of the Royal Australian Historical Society, aided by a committee appointed at the meeting.
The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (29th August, 1928) amounting to 15 Vols., 95 Parts or Nos., 5 Bulletins and 3 Reports, received from 59 Societies and Institutions and 1 private donor were laid upon the table.
PAPERS READ.
1. Features of the Vegetative Anatomy of the Australian White Beech (Gmelina Leichhardtii). By W. D. Francis.
2. A new Buprestid from Australia. By A. Théry. (Communicated by Mr. H. J. Carter.)
3. Third Contribution towards a new Classification of Australian Asilidae. By G. H. Hardy.
4. Fossil Plants from the Hsk District, Q. By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc.
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xliii.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. A. J. Nicholson exhibited several lantern slides of the “glow-worm” which occurs in some gullies on the Blue Mountains. It is the larva of a myceto- philid fly and possesses a luminous organ at the anal extremity. Each larva constructs a large number of hanging threads on which globules of mucus are arranged like the beads of a necklace. Small insects become entangled in these sticky threads and are eaten by the mycetophilid larvae.
Sir Edgeworth David exhibited some specimens of comparatively well preserved appendages and carapaces of fossil Merostomata, almost certainly Eurypterids, from the Pre-Cambrian or “Lipalian’” Adelaide Series. These are from horizons from 6,000 to more than 10,000 feet below the base of the Lower Cambrian fossiliferous rocks. They were found on a recent fossil-collecting expedition by the Rey. P. C. Eckersley and Mr. A. R. Alderman, of the Geology School of Adelaide University, when collecting with Professor David. The Hurypterids were evidently extremely numerous and varied in this Series and to judge from the size of their appendages they must have been from eight inches to more than one foot in length. Considerable interest is added to this Lipalian fauna by the discovery that such highly organized animals as the HEurypterids were so extensively developed and widely distributed at this remote epoch.
Mr. R. T. Baker exhibited a leaf and fruit of Hucalyptus unialata forwarded to him by Professor John Read, St. Andrew’s University, Scotland, from the sub- tropical gardens of the Har! of Ilchester at Abbotsbury, Weymouth, in England, where well over 50 Hucalyptus trees flourish. It was labelled in the Gardens as E. melliodora, the “yellow box” of the warmer climates of N.S.W., but is undoubtedly this rare species of Tasmania where only a few trees are known to occur. The characteristic single rib of the fruit is well marked, so that its specific identification is assured and is supported by the leaf venation. The other trees growing there are chiefly Tasmanian and this probably accounts for the origin of the seed. It is worthy of note that this rare tree forms the largest group of Eucalyptus trees in the Garden where it grows to a larger size than in its native habitat.
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEETING. 31st OcToBER, 1928.
Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
Dr. Bertram Thomas Dickson, Cremorne, was elected an Ordinary Member of the Society.
The President announced that the Council had accepted, with regret, Dr. G. A. Waterhouse’s resignation from the office of Hon. Treasurer and had elected Mr. Edwin Cheel as Hon. Treasurer for the remainder of the current Session.
The President offered the congratulations of members to Mr. E. A. Breakwell, B.Se., on his appointment as Organizer of School Agriculture in the Education Department; and to Mr. W. R. B. Oliver on his appointment as Director of the Dominion Museum, Wellington, N.Z.
Candidates for Linnean Macleay Fellowships, 1929-30, were reminded that Wednesday next, 7th November, 1928, is the last day for receiving applications.
The Donations and Exchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (26th September, 1928) amounting to 9 Vols., 78 Parts or Nos., 7 Bulletins, 2 Reports and 1 Pamphlet, received from 65 Societies and Institutions were laid upon the table.
xliv. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
PAPERS READ.
1. New Australian Mydaidae (Diptera). By I. M. Mackerras, B.Sc., M.B.. Ch.M.
2. Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xvii. By J. R. Malloch. (Communicated oy Dr. I. M. Mackervras.)
3. Notes on Corysanthes and some species of Pierostylis and Caladenia. By Rev. H. M. R. Rupp, B.A. .
4. Revision of Hesthesis (Cerambycidae) together with Description of a new Genus and Species of Buprestidae. By H. J. Carter, B.A., F.E.S.
5. The Life-history of Doryanthes excelsa (Corr.). Part i. Some Heological and Vegetative Features and Spore Production. By I. V. Newman, M.Sc.
NOTES AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. David G. Stead exhibited a remarkable knitted sling obtained by him in Malacca (British Malaya). This sling was one of many used by Menangkabau Malays to frighten wild elephants away from young plantations of coconut. No means could be devised to keep the elephants from raiding the plantations and destroying the palms. But it was found that the elephants were “unnerved” by the whining sound made by rounded stones cast from these slings, followed by the smart stinging slap made by the stones on their sides, and made off again (frequently trumpeting with fear) into the jungle. Apparently it was the strange and, to the elephants, the inexplicable, sound, which caused the animals’ fear; as the actual hurt by so small a missile (delivered with relatively little violence) on so huge a quarry, was but slight.
Mr. K. C. McKeown sent for exhibition, specimens of the hairy brown Cypress Pine aphis (Dilachnus callitris) with the following note: In his “Forest Insects of Australia” Mr. W. W. Froggatt originally recorded this aphis from Narrabri and Dubbo in 1921. In October, 1925, I found the same species at Leeton on a limited area of Cypress Pine scrub and forwarded specimens to Mr. Froggatt, which he figured, with further notes, in his “Forest Insects and Timber Borers.” Although I had searched carefully from time to time, no further occurrence of this aphis was found until the 2nd August, 1928, when a heavy infestation was found over an extended area. The Cypress Pines (Callitris robusta) were very heavily infested and were wet and glistening from the quantity of honey dew and excrement which covered them. Aphides in all stages were present. The infesta- tion increased in intensity for about a fortnight, at the end of which period the trunks of the large trees were massed with aphides descending and ascending, presenting the appearance of a brown moving mass.
About this period Aphides were also falling from the branches in great numbers and covered the ground under the trees, eventually climbing the trunks again. Under one tree on an area of not more than a foot square Aphides were massed to a depth of over two inches and here in less than 5 minutes I collected an “Eno’s Fruit Salt” bottle full of the insects, simply gathering them up on the blade of a table knife. This will give an idea of how heavy the infestation was. About the end of the month the majority of Aphides appeared to migrate to the young Cypress Pines and almost immediately the old trees, which had been infested, burst into flower. At the time of writing (26th October, 1928) the old trees are practically free from Aphides, but young trees up to about four or five feet in height are still heavily infested.
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xlv.
In paddocks where Cypress Pines were infested considerable annoyance was caused to horses and cattle by the Aphides falling upon them from the trees and everywhere the stock could be seen rubbing themselves in an effort to free them- selves from the irritation of the crawling Aphides. They also entered houses and other buildings, crawling up walls and along floors in a brown film. While the infestation was at its height the Aphides were heavily preyed upon by lady birds (Verania frenata) both in adult and larval stages, the trunks of the trees being liberally dotted with pupae. Larvae of the Green Lace Wing (Chrysopa ramburi) and the Vine Moth Bug also took heavy toll. Yellow-tailed Tits and White-eared Honey Haters also found them an inexhaustible food supply.
Mr. E. Cheel exhibited specimens of a native “Buttercup” (Ranunculus sp.) showing further development and variation since that recorded at the meeting of this Society in May last. The seedlings not only showed intermediate characters in the dissections of the leaf but, in addition, pronounced pubescence in two of the plants, which is not apparent in either of the parent plants, as R. rivularis is perfectly smooth and glabrous whilst the leaves of the Lake George plants (the seed bearer) are sprinkled with a few scattered soft hairs. He also exhibited seedling plants of Acacia dealbata raised from seeds collected at Hobart, Tasmania, in January, and Acacia mollissima raised from seeds collected at the Gorge near Launceston, Tasmania, which are being closely studied for characters varying from those of the various forms of these two species as recorded for New South Wales. A number of specimens of Acacia Baileyana (Cootamundra Wattle) were also exhibited to show variation in hairiness; some were perfectly glabrous, some densely pubescent and others more or less hairy.
Mr. Gilbert P. Whitley exhibited a specimen of a Dragonet (Callionymus macdonaldi Ogilby) from Taree, New South Wales. The species has not hitherto been recorded from this State as the type, the only other specimen known, came from Moreton Bay, Queensland. This rare fish was caught recently by Dr. S. M. Ware and presented to the Australian Museum by Mr. T. C. Roughley.
Mr. W. W. Froggatt exhibited some Casuarina galls, made by an unknown Chalcid, from Euston on the Lower Murray.
Mr. A. J. Nicholson exhibited a series of lantern slides in illustration of the genus Hesthesis dealt with in the paper by Mr. H. J. Carter.
ORDINARY MONTHLY MEERTING. 28th NoveMBER, 1928.
Dr. W. R. Browne, President, in the Chair.
The President announced that the Council had re-appointed Miss Ida A. Brown, B.Sc., and Miss H. Claire Weekes, B.Sc., to Linnean Macleay Fellowships in Geology and Zoology respectively for a period of one year from ist March, 1929.
Letters were read from Mr. H. Breakwell and Mr. W. R. B. Oliver returning thanks for congratulations.
The Donations and Hxchanges received since the previous Monthly Meeting (31st October, 1928) amounting to 19 Vols., 159 Parts or Nos., 7 Bulletins, 4 Reports and 2 Pamphlets, received from 69 Societies and Institutions and 1 private donor were laid upon the table.
On completion of the purely formal business the papers set down for reading were taken as read and the meeting adjourned on account of the sudden death oi Mr. R. H. Cambage, members passing the following resolution in silence:—
xIvi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
That the Members of this Society wish to place on record their deep sorrow and sense of personal bereavement in the death of their honoured and beloved friend and fellow member, Mr. R. H. Cambage, and desire to express their deep and sincere sympathy with the members of his family.
PAPERS TAKEN AS READ.
1. The Carboniferous Rocks between Glennies Creek and Muscle Creek, Hunter River District, N.S.W. By G. D. Osborne, B.Sc.
2. The Carboniferous Rocks of the Muswellbrook-Scone District, with special reference to their Structural Relations. By G. D. Osborne, B.Sc.
3. Notes on Australian Diptera. No. xviii. By J. R. Malloch. (Communi- cated by Dr. I. M. Mackerras.)
4. Notes on some Additions to the Glossopteris Flora in New South Wales. By A. B. Walkom, D.Sc.
5. The Physiography of the Wollondilly River Basin. By Frank A. Craft, B.Se.
f
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
> Received during the period ist December, 1927, to 28th November, 1928. (From the respective Societies, etc., unless otherwise mentioned.)
ABERYSTWYTH. Welsh Plant Breeding Station, University College of Wales.—Bulletin, Series H, No. 8, Seasons 1921-1928 (1928); “The Welsh Journal of Agriculture’, i (1925); iv (1928); One reprint—‘The Effect of Length of Day upon the Growth and Chemical Composition of the Tissues of certain Hconomic Plants”, by M. A. H. Tincker (From Annals of Botany, xlii, No. elxv, Jan., 1928).
ACCRA.
Geological Survey of the Gold Coast.—Bulletin, Nos. 3-4 (1927-1928) ; “Manganese Ore Deposits of the Gold Coast, Africa’, by A. EH. Kitson, with “Notes on the Petrology of certain Associated Manganese Silicate-bearing Rocks”, by N. R. Junner (From Amer. Inst. of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, issued with Mining and Metallurgy, May, 1927).
ADELAIDE.
Department of Mines: Geological Survey of South Australia—Annual Report of the Director of Mines and Government Geologist for 1927 (1928); Bulletin No. 18; Mining Review for the Half Years ended December 31st, 1927 (No. 47); June 30th, 1928 (No. 48) (1928).
Field Naturalists’ Section of the Royal Society of South Australia —“The South Australian Naturalist”, viii, 1 (1926); ix, 1-4 (1927-1928).
Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of South Australia.—Forty-fourth Annual Report of the Board of Governors for 1927-1928 (1928): Records of the South Australian Museum, iii, 4 (T.p. & c.); iv, 1 (1928).
Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, South Australian Branch.—Proceed- ings, xxviii, Session 1926-27 (1928).
Royal Society of South Australia—Transactions and Proceedings, li (1927).
South Australian Ornithological Association.—‘The South Australian Orni- thologist”, ix, 5-8 (1928).
University of Adelaide——‘“‘The Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science’, iv, 4 (T.p. & c.) (1927) ;, V, 1-3 (1928); 19 Separates (1926-1927) and Commemoration Address, 1926, by T. B. Robertson—“<The External Inheritance of Man’ (1926).
Woods and Forests Department.—Annual Report for the Year ended June 30th, 1927 COZ).
ALBANY.
New York State Library, University of the State of New York—New York State Museum Bulletin, Nos. 274-275 (1928): New York State Museum Handbook, 1-3 (1927).
xIviii. DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
ALGER.
institut Pasteur d Algérie—Archives, v, 1-4 (T.p. & c.) (1927).
Société d’Histoire naturelle de lV Afrique du Nord.—Bulletin, xviii, 1927, 7-9 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xix, 1928, 1-4 (1928).
+ AMSTERDAM.
Nederlandsche Hntomologische Vereeniging.—Entomologische Berichten, T.p. & c. for Deel vi, Nos. 121-144 (1921-1925); vii, 156-161 (1927-1928); Tijdschriit voor Entomologie, lxx, 1, 3-4 (T.p. & c.) (1927); Ixxi, 1-2 (1928).
Royal Academy of Sciences.—Jaarboek, 1925-26 (1926); Proceedings of the Section of Sciences, xxviii, 1-10 (T.p. & ce.) (1925); Verhandelingen, 2nd Section, xxiv, 3-4 (T.p. & ¢c.); xxy, 1 (1925-1926); Verslagen Afdeeling Natuurkunde, xxxiv, 1-2 (T.p. & c.) (1925).
ANN ARBOR.
University of Michigan.—Contributions from the Museum of Geology, ii, 9-14 (1927); Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Nos. 184-186 (1927); Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, vili, 1927 (1928).
AUCKLAND. Auckland Institute and Museum.—Annual Report, 1927-28 (1928).
BALTIMORE.
Johns Hopkins University. wUniversity Circular, N.S. 1927, Nos. 1-9 (1927); Geological Laboratory—Publications of Maryland Geological Survey, Kent County (Text and Maps); Queen Anne’s County (Text and Maps); Talbot County (Text and Maps) (1926).
BANDOENG. Geological Survey in the Dutch Hast Indies.—Bulletin of the Netherlands Hast Indian Volcanological Survey, Nos. 1-12 (1927-1928); Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen, Nos. 7-8, 10 (1928).
BARCELONA. Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona.—Boletin, v, 4-5 (1927-1928) ; Memorias, xx, 5-14 (1927-1928); Nomina del Personal Academico, 1927-1928 (1927).
BASEL. Naturforschende Geselischaft—Verhandlungen, xxxix, 1927 (1927).
BERGEN.
Bergens Musewm.—Arbok, 1927, 1-2 (T.p. & c.); 1928, 1 (1928); Arsberetning, 1926-1927 (1927).
BERKELEY. University of California.—Publications, Botany, xi, 8-10; T.p. & c. for xiii; xiv, 3-10 (1924-1928); Entomology, iv, 6-11 (1927-1928): Geology, T.p. & c. for
Xvi; Xvii, 2-8 (1927-1928); Physiology, vii, 3-4 (1927-1928): Zoology, xxx, 9-11; xxxi, 6-16 (1927-1928).
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. xlix.
BERLIN. Botanische Garten und Museuwm.—wNotizblatt, x, 92-94 (1927-1928). Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft, H.V.cDeutsche Hntomologische Zeitsch- rift, 1927, 3 and Beiheft (T.p. & c.) (1927); 1928, 1 (1928).
Deutsche Entomologische Museum.—Entomologische Mitteilungen, xvi, 6 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xvii, 1-5 (1928); Supplementa Entomologica, No. 16 (1927).
Notgemeinschaft der Deutsche Wissenschaft.—‘Flora’, Neue Folge, xxii, 3-4 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xxiii, 1-3 (1928).
BERN. Naturforschende Geselischaft—Mitteilungen a.d. Jahre 1927 (1928).
BIRMINGHAM. Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society.—List of Members, 1928, and Annual Report, 1927 (1927); Proceedings, xv, 7, Session 1927-1928
(1928).
BoMBAY. Bombay Natural History Society—Journal, T.p. & c. for xxxi, pts. 3-4 (1927); xxxii, 2-4 (1927-1928); T.p. & c. for xxxii, pts. 1-2; General Index of Subjects and Authors for Vols. xxv-xxx inclusive; xxxiii, 1 (1928).
Bonn. Naturhistorische Verein der Preussische Rheinlande und Westjalens.—Sitzungs- berichte, 1926 (1927).
Boston.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.—Proceedings, 1xii, 5-9 (T.p. & c.) (1927-1928) ; Ixiii, 1-2 (1928).
Boston Society of Natural History—Proceedings, xxxviii, 8-10 (T.p. & ce.) (1927- 1928); xxxix, 1 (1928); Price Lists of Publications on Botany, Geology and Related Subjects, Insects, Invertebrates (except Insects), Vertebrates (1927- 1928).
BRISBANE.
Department of Agriculture and Stock.—Queensland Agricultural Journal, xxviii, 6 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xxix, 1-6 (T.p. & c.) (1928); xxx, 1-4 (1928).
Great Barrier Reef Committee —Reports, ii (1928).
Queensland Government Mining Journal (from the Editor) .—xxviii, Dec., 1927 (T.p. & ce.) (1927); xxix, Jan.-Nov., 1928 (1928).
Queensland Museum.—Memoirs, ix. 2 (1928).
Queensland Naturalists Club and Nature-Lovers’ League.—Queensland Naturalist, vi, 4-5 (1928).
Royal Society of Queensland—Proceedings, xxxix, 1927 (1928).
BROOKLYN. Botanical Society of America.—American Journal of Botany, xiv, 9-10 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xv, 1-7 (1928).
1. DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
BRUSSELS. Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Annuaire, 94e Année, 1928 (1928); Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences, 1927, 4-12 (T.p. & c.) (1927); 1928, 1-2 (1928). Musée Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique-—Mémoires, Nos. 1-36 (1900-1927).
Société entomologique de Belgique.—Bulletin and Annales, Ixvii, 9-12 (Index) (1927); Ixviii, 1-8 (1928).
BUENOS AIRES. Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales.—Revista ““Physis”, viii, 31 (T.p. & ¢.) (1927). ; Sociedad Cientifica Argentina.—Catalogo de las Publicaciones Periodicas Existentes en la Biblioteca (1927).
BUITENZORG.
Department van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel.—Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Serie iii, i (1918-1920)-ix, 4 (T.p. & c.) (1928); “Treubia’”’, i (1919-1921)-x, 3 (1928).
Natuurwetenschappelijke Raad voor Nederlandsch-Indie——Publication No. 1 (July, 1928).
CALCUTTA.
Geological Survey of India.—Memoirs, xlix, 2 (T.p. & ¢:) (1928); Memoirs, Palaeontologia Indica, N.S. x, 3-4; xi, 1; xii, 1; xiii, 1 (1928); Records, Ix, 2-4; Ixi, 1-3 (1927-1928).
Indian Museum.—Echinodermata of Indian Museum, Part x, Echinoidea (III) —“‘An Account of the Echinoidea” by R. Koehler (1927); Memoirs, viii, 4 (T.p. & c.); ix, 1 (1928); Records, xxix, 3-4, Appendix (T.p. & c.); xxx, 1-2 (1927-1928).
CAMBRIDGE, England. Cambridge Philosophical Society.—Biological Reviews and Biological Proceed- ings, ii, 4 (T.p. & c.) (1927); iii, 1-3 (1928); Transactions, xxiii, 12 (1928).
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College—Annual Report of the Director for 1926-1927 (1927); Bulletin, Ilxviii, 4-6 (1927-1928).
CaPE TOWN. Royal Society of South Africa.—Transactions, xiv, 4 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xvi, 1-4 (T.p. & c.) (1928); xvii, 1 (1928). South African Museum.—Annals, xxi, 2 (T.p. & c.); xxii, 2 (1927); Report for the Year ended 31st December, 1927 (1928).
CHICAGO. Field Museum of Natural History.—Leaflet, Botany, 13 (1927); Geology, 8 (1927); Publications, Botanical Series, vi, 2 (Title page); Title page for Vol. v (1927); Zoological Series, xii, 14; xiv, 4 (1928). John Crerar Library.—Thirty-third Annual Report for the Year 1927 (1928).
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. li.
CHRISTCHURCH. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury.—Transactions and Proceedings, New Zealand Institute, lviii, 1-4 (1927-1928); lix, 1-2 (1928).
Canterbury Museum.—Records, iii, 2 (1927).
CINCINNATI. Lloyd Library.— Bulletin No. 26 (1927); Circular No. 6 (1926).
CLus, Roumania. Gradina Botanica.—Bulletin, vii, 1-2, Appendix 2 (1927); viii, 1, Appendix 1 (1928) ; Contributions Botaniques de Cluj, i, 9-10 (1928).
Co~p SPRING HARBOR. Department of Genetics: Carnegie Institution of Washington.—Annual Report of the Director, 1926-1927 (Hxtracted from Year Book No. 26 for the Year 1926-27) (1927).
COLOMBO. Colombo Museum.—List of Publications, March 8, 1928; June, 1928 (1928); Spolia Zeylanica (Ceylon Journal of Science, Section B—Zoology and Geology), xiv, 2 (1928).
CoLUMBUS, Ohio.
American Chemical Society.—Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, xix, 9, 11-12 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xx, 1-10 (1928); News Edition, v, 21-24 (Index) (1927); vi, 1-19 (1928).
Ohio Academy of Science—Ohio Journal of Science, xxvii, 5-6 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xxviii, 1-4 (1928).
COPENHAGEN. Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.—Biologiske Meddelelser, vii, 1-4 (1928).
Zoological Museum of the University—Publications Nos. 49-53 (1927).
DUBLIN. Royal Dublin Society—Economic Proceedings, ii, 17-24 (1927-1928); Scientific Proceedings, N.S. xviii, 29-47 (T.p. & c.) (1927-1928); xix, 1-8 (1928). Royal Irish Academy.—Proceedings, xxxiii, Section B, Nos. 4-6 (T.p. & ec.) (1917); XXxXVii, Section B, Nos. 22-27 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xxxvili, Section B, Nos. 1-4 (1928).
DURBAN. Durban Museum.—General Guide to the Durban Museum (1928); Museum Report for the Municipal Year ended 31st July, 1927 (1927).
EAst LANSING. Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science—Report of the Veterinary Division for the Year ending June 30, 1926 (no date).
lii: DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
EDINBURGH.
Royal Botanic Garden.—Notes, ix, 41 (1915)-xvi, 77 (1928); Index to Vols. i-xiv, 1900-1924 (1925); Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, xxvi, Sessions 1911/12-1914/15 (1913-1915) -xxix, Sessions 1923/24-1926/27 (1924-1927).
Royal Physical Society.—Proceedings, xxi, 3, Session 1926-27 (1927).
Royal Society of Edinburgh.—Proceedings, xlvii, 3-4 (T.p. & c.), Session 1926- 27 (1927-1928); xlviii, 1, Session 1927-28 (1928); Transactions, lv, 2, Session 1926-27; 3, Session 1927-28 (1928).
FRANKFURT ON MAIN. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Geselischaft—Abhandlungen, xxxix, 3-4 (T.p. & c.); xl, 3 (1927); Bericht, 57, 7-12 (T.p. & c.); 58, 1-2 (1927-1928).
Freipure, I. Br. Naturforschende Geselischaft.—Berichte, xxviii, 1-2 (T.p. & c.) (1928).
GENEVA. Société de Physique et ad’ Histoire Naturelle—Compte Rendu des Séances, xliv, 2-3 (T.p. & c.) (1927); xlv, 1-2 (1928); Mémoires, xl, 3 (1927).
GENOVA. Societa Entomologica Italiana.—Bollettinc, Anno lix, 8-10 (Index) and Supple- ment to No. 7 (Memorie, v, 2, 1926) (1927); Lx, 1-6 (1928).
GRANVILLE. Denison University—Journal of the Scientific Laboratories, xxii, pp. 137-193 (T. p. & ec.) (1927); xxili, pp. 1-126 (1928).
GRAZ. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fur Steiermark.—Mitteilungen, 61, 2 (1925); 62-638 (1926-1927); “Die Landformung der Steiermark (Grundzuge einer Morphologie)” by Dr. Joh. Solch (1928).
HALIFAX. Nova Scotian Institute of Science.—Proceedings and Transactions, xvi, 1-4 (T. p. & c.), Sessions 1922-1926 (1927); xvii, 1, Session 1926-27 (1927).
HALLE. Kaiserlich Leopold. Deutsche Akademie der Naturforsche zu Halle.—Leopoldina, iii (1928). ‘
HAMBURG. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein.—Abhandlungen, xxi, 3-4 (Index) (1927).
HELSINGFORS. Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica.—Acta, 56 (1924-1927); Acta Botanica
os ses
1926-1927 (1927).
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. liii.
Societas Scientiarum Fennica.—Arsbok-Vuosikirja, v, 1926-1927; Bidrag, Ixxx, 8; lxxxi, 1-2; Commentationes Biologicae, ii, 4-11 (T.p. & ¢.); Commenta- tiones Physico-Mathematicae, iv, 1-12 (1927).
Societas Zoolog.-botanica Fennica Vanamo.—Annales, vi (1928); vii (1927).
HoBart. Department of Mines, Geological Survey.—Geological Survey Bulletin No. 38 (Text and Maps) (1928).
Royal Society of Tasmania.—Papers and Proceedings for the Year 1927 (1928).
Tasmanian Field Naturalists’ Club—The Tasmanian Naturalist, N.S. ii, 3-4 (1927-1928).
HonoLuyu, T. H. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.—Bulletins 41-49 (1927-1928); List of Publi- cations, No. 6 (Aug., 1928); Memoirs, ix, 3-5 (T.p. & c.) (1927-1928) ; Special Publication 12 (1927).
Pan-Pacific Union.—Bulletin, N.S. 98-101 (1928); “Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution”, iii, 1, 3-4 (1928).
INDIANAPOLIS. Indiana Academy of Science.—Proceedings, 36, 1926 (1927).
IpHaca, N.Y. , Cornell University.—24 Separates (1924, 1926-1927).
JAMAICA PLAIN. Arnold Arboretum.—Journal, viii, 4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); ix, 1-3 (1928).
‘JOHANNESBURG. South African Association for the Advancement of Science—South African Journal of Science, xxiv (1927).
KiEw. Société des Naturalistes——Mémoires, xxvii, 2 (1927).
KURASHIKI. Ohara Institute for Agricultural Research.—Berichte, iii, 4-5 (1927-1928).
La JOLLA. Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California.—Bulletins (Non-technical) Nos. 13-15 (1927-1928); Bulletin, Technical Series, i, 11-14 (1927-1928).
LA PLATA. Museo de La Plata.—Obras Completas y Correspondeneia Cientifica de Floren- tino Ameghino, vi (1916).
LEIDEN. Rijks Herbarium.—Mededeelingen, No. 55 (1928).
liv. DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
LENINGRAD.
Académie des Sciences de 1U.R.S.S.—Annuaire du Musée Zoologique, T. p. & c. for xxvii, 1926 (1927); xxviii, 1927, 2-4 (1927); Bulletin, Série vi, xx, 1926, 18 (T. p. & c.) (1926); xxi, 1927, 5-17 (1927); Tableaux Analytiques de la Faune de 1’U.R.S.S. publiés par le Musée Zoologique, i (1927); Travaux du Musée Botanique, xxi (1927).
Comité Géologique—Annual Report on the Mineral Resources of the U.S.S.R. during the Fiscal Year 1925/26 (1927); Matériaux pour la Géologie Générale et Appliquée, Livr. 76, 78, 105 (1928, 1928, 1927); 1 packet of Maps.
Institut de Botanique Appliquée et dAmélioration des Plantes.—Bulletin of Applied Botany, of Genetics and Plant-Breeding, xvii, 1927, 4-5 (T. p. & c.) (1927) ; xviii, 1927-1928, 1-5 (Index) (1927-1928).
Société Entomologique de Russie —Revue Russe d’Entomologie, xxi, 1927, 1-2 (1927).
Société Russe de Minéralogie-—Mémoires, 2me Série, lv, 1-2 (T. p. & ce.) (1926); lvi, 1-2 (1927).
State Institute of Experimental Agronomy, Bureau of Applied Entomology.— Reports on Applied Entomology, iii, 1 (1927) ; Works on Applied Entomology, xiii, 1-3 (1926).
LIEGE.
Société Géologique de Belgique—Annales, xlix, 4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); Bulletin (previously issued with Annales), 1, 7-8 (1927); Publications relatives au Congo Belge et aux Régions Voisines, Année 1926-1927, Annexe au T. I (complete) (1927).
Lima. Sociedad Geologica del Perw.—Boletin, i-ii (1925-1926).
LIVERPOOL. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine—Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, xxi, 4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); xxii, 1-2 (1928).
LoNnpDoN.
British Museum (Natural History).—Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera in the British Museum. Part iii. Nymphalidae. By A. G. Gabriel (1927); Index Animalium, Second Section, Parts xii-xiv (1927); Insects of Samoa and other Samoan Terrestrial Arthropoda. Part ii, 1: iii, 1-2; iv, 1; vi, 1; vii, 1 and Maps Nos. 1-2; viii, 1 (1927).
Entomological Society of London.—Proceedings, ii, 2-3 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928) ; iii, 1 (1928); Transactions, Ixxy, 2 (T. p. & c.) (1927); Ixxvi, 1 (1928).
Geological Society.—Geological Literature added to the Library during the Year ended December 31st, 1926 (1927): List, March, 1928 (1928); Quarterly Journal, Ixxxiii, 3-5 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928) ; Ixxxiy, 1-2 (1928).
Linnean Society. Journal, Botany, xlvii, 318-319 (1927-1928); Zoology, xxxvi, 247-248 (1928); List, 1927-1928 (1927); Proceedings, 139th Session, 1926- 1927 (1927).
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries —Journal, xxxiv, 8-12 (T. p. & c.) (1927- 1928); xxxv, 1-7 (1928).
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.—Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, 1927 (1927).
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. lv.
Royal Microscopical Society—Journal, Series iii, 1927, xlvii, 4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); 1928, xlviii, 1-3 (1928).
Royal Society.—Philosophical Transactions, Series B, ccxv, Nos. B 429-430 (T. p. & ce.) (1927); eexvi, Nos. B 431-439 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928); ccxvii, Nos. B 440-441 (1928); Proceedings, Series B, cii, Nos. B 715-720 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928) ; ciii, Nos. B 721-726 (1928).
Zoological Society.—Abstract of Proceedings, Nos. 292-302 (1927-1928); List oz Fellows, April, 1927 (1927); Proceedings, 1927, 2 (T. p. & c. for pp. 1-490) ; 3-4 (T. p. & c. for pp. 491-1109) (1927-1928); 1928, 1-2 (T. p. & c. for pp. 1-660) (1928); Transactions, xxii, 3-5 (1927-1928).
Los BANos. University of the Philippines: College of Agriculture.—The Philippine Agricul- - turist, T. p. & c. for xv; xvi, 6-10 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928) ; xvii, 1-5 (1928).
MaDIson. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters.—Transactions, xxiii (1927).
Maprip. Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural.—Boletin, xxvii, 8-10 (T. p. & c.) (1927) ; xxviii, 1-6 (1928); Memorias, xiii, 4 (1927). Junia para Ampliacion de Estudios—Memoria Correspondiente a los Cursos 1924-5 y 1925-6 (1927); Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Serie Botanica, Nos. 22-23 (1927); Serie Geologica, No. 36 (1928).
MANCHESTER. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.—Journal of Conchology, Xvii, 6-8 (1927-1928). Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society—Memoirs and Proceedings, Ixxi, 1926-1927 (1927). Manchester Museum.—Museum Publications 94-95 (1927).
Mania, P. I. Bureau of Science of the Government of the Philippine Islands.—Philippine Journal of Science, xxxiv, 1-4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); xxxv, 1-4 (T. p. & c.) (1928); xxxvi, 1-4 (T. p. & c.) (1928).
MARSEILLES. Faculté des Sciences de Marseille—Annales, 2me Série, iii (1927).
MELBOURNE.
Australasian Journal of Pharmacy, N.S. viii, 95-96 (1927); ix, 97-106 (1928). (From the Publisher.)
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Bulletin, T. p. & c. for Nos. 22-30 (Vol. iii) (1922-1927); Nos. 34-37 (1927-1928); First Annual Report for the Period from 13th April, 1926, to 30th June, 1927 (1927); Journal, i, 2-5 (1927-1928); Pamphlets, Nos. 4-9 (1927-1928).
Department of Agriculture of Victoria.—Journal xviii, 8, 10, 12 (T. p. & c.) (1920) ; xix, 3-4, 9-12 (1921) ; xxv, 11-12 (T. p. &c.) (1927); xxvi, 1-10 (1928).
Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria.—The Victorian Naturalist, xliv, 8-12 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928); xlv, 1-6 and Supplement, 7 (1928).
Ivi. DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
Public Library, Museums and National Gallery of Victoria—Report of the Trustees for 1927 (1928).
Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union.—The Hmu, xxvii, 3-4 (T. p. & ec.) (1927-1928) ; xxviii, 1-2 (1928).
Royal Society of Victoria.—Proceedings, N.S. xxxix, 2 (T. p. & c¢.) (1927); xl, 1-2 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928).
University of Melbourne.—Calendar, 1928 (1927).
MEXxIco. Instituto Geologico de Mexico.—Bulletin, No. 47 (1927).
MILWAUKEE. Public Museum.—Bulletin, iv, 2; viii, 1 (1928); Year Book, vii, 1927 (1928).
Monaco. LInstitut Oceanographique de Monaco.—Bulletin, Nos. 498-508, T. p. & c. for Nos. 487-508 (1927); 509-525 (1928).
MONTEVIDEO. Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo.—Anales, Ser. ii, 3-4 (1927-1928).
MONTREAL. Laboratoire de Botanique de VUniversité de Montreal.—Contributions, Nos. 1-3 (1922-1925); 9-11 (1927). j
Moscow. Biologische Station zu Kossino.—Arbeiten, Lieferung 5-6 (1927).
MUNCHEN. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen, xxxi, 4-6 and Festrede (1927); Sitzungsberichte, 1927, 2-3 (T. p. & ec.) (1927); 1928, 1 (1928).
NANKING. Science Society of China.—Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, i, 1 (1925).
NANTES. Société des Sciences Naturelles de VOuest de la France.—Bulletin, 4me Série, vi, 1-4 (T. p. & c.) (1926).
NAPLES. Stazione Zoologica di Napoli—Pubblicazioni, vii, Supplemento (1927); viii, 2-4 (T. p. & c.) (1927).
NEw Haven, Conn. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences—Transactions, T. p. & c. for XXVili; xxix, pp. 1-270; 271-525 (1928).
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. Ivii.
New York. American Geographical Society.—Geographical Review, T. p. & ec. for xvii / (1927); xvili, 1-4 (1928). f
American Museum of Natural History— Natural History, xxvii, 4-6 (T. p. & c.) | (1927); xxviii, 1-5 (1928).
New York Academy of Sciences.—Annals, xxix, pp. 285-319 (1925); xxx, pp. 1-29; 31-128 (1927).
OMSK. Siberian Institute for Agriculture and Forestry.—Trudi (Transactions), vii, es} (0, i, Ce @)), (CIDA) S yall, ils) (4G JO, Ce 5) (IMA) 3 abe IS (ID) 243)).
OTTAWA.
Department of Agriculture —Bulletin, N.S. Nos. 17, 51, 81, 82, 85, 89, 90, 95 (1927-1928); Circular, Nos. 48, 58 (1927); Pamphlet, N.S. No. 90 (1928) ; Report of the Dominion Botanist for Year 1926 (1927); Report of the Dominion Horticulturist for Year 1926 (1927).
Department of Mines: Geological Survey of Canada.—Economic Geology Series No. 4 (1927); Summary Report, 1926, Parts A, C (1927).
Royal Society of Canada.—Proceedings and Transactions, Third Series, xxi, 1927, List of Officers, etc.; Sections 1-5 (T. p. & ec.) (1927) » xxii, Section 3, pt. 1; Section 5, pt. 1 (1928).
OXFORD.
Radcliffe Library, Oxford University Museuwm—Catalogue of Books added during the Year 1927 (1928).
PARIS.
Journal de Conchyliologie, Ixxi, 1-4 (T. p. & ec.) (1927-1928). (From the Publisher.)
Muséum National W Histoire Naturelle —Archives, Sér. vi, ii (1927); Bulletin, 92s 2-6) (De ps & e.)) (1927)
Société Entomologique de France—Annales, xcvi, 1927, 3-4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); xXevA, L928) 1-2 (11928): Bulletin, 1927, 15-20 (LP. p. & e©:) (1927); 1928, 1-146 (1928).
PEKING. Geological Survey of China—Bulletin, Nos. 9-10 (1927-1928).
Metropolitan Library.—F irst Annual Report for the Year ending June 30, 1927 (1927).
Peking Society of Natural History.—Bulletin, 1926-27, i, 4 (1926); 1927-28, ii, 1-2, 4 (1927); 1928-29, iii, 1 (41928); Bulletin, Technical Series, No. 1 (1926); Educational Handbooks No. 2 (1928).
PERM. Institut des Recherches Biologiques a VUniversité de Perm—Bulletin, v, 7-10 (1927); vi, 1-4 (1928); Travaux, i, 1-4 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928).
lvili. DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
PERTH.
Department of Agriculture of Western Australia.—Journal, 2nd Series, iv, 4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); v, 1-3 (1928).
Geological Survey of Western Australia.—Bulletin 83 (Maps and Sections) (1928).
Government Statistician, Western Australia—Quarterly Statistical Abstract, Nos. 247-249 (1927-1928).
Royal Society of Western Australia—Journal, xiii, 1926-1927 (1928).
PHILADELPHIA.
Academy of Natural Sciences.—Proceedings, Ixxix, 1927; Year Book for Year ending December 31st, 1927 (1928).
American Philosophical Society—Proceedings, Ixvi, 1927 (Bicentenary Celebra- tion) and Minutes (1927); Ixvii, 1928, 1 (1928).
University of Pennsylvania.—Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory, xxv, 1925-1926 (1927).
Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology—The Journal of Experimental Zoology, xlix, 1-2 (T. p. & c.) (1927); 1, 1-3 (T. p. & c.) (1928); li, 1-3 (1928).
Zoological Society of Philadelphia.—Fifty-sixth Annual Report of the Board of Directors (1928); Report of the Laboratory and Museum of Comparative Pathology in conjunction with the Fifty-sixth Annual Report of the Society (1928).
PIETERMARITZBURG. Natal Museum.—Annals, vi, 1 (1928).
PLYMOUTH. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.—Journal, N.S. T. p. & ¢. for xiv (1926-1927); xv, 1-2 (1928).
PoRTICcI. Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore dW Agri- coltura.—Bollettino, xx (1927).
PRAG.
Botanical Institute of the Charles University—Mykologia, ili, 1-10 (T. p. & c.) (1926); iv, 1-10 (T. p. & ec.) (1927).
Deutsche Naturwissenschaftlich.-medizinische Verein fur Bohmen.—‘‘Lotos”, Ixxvi, 1-7 (1928).
Societas Entomologica Cechosloveniae——dActa, xxi, 3-6 (T. p. & c.) (1924); xxii, 1-6 (T. p. & c.) (1925); xxiii, 1-6 (T. pvp. & c.) (1926); xxiv, 1-6 (40, WD. 6 Gs) (IBA).
PRETORIA. Botanical Survey of South Africa.—Memoir No. 10 (1926).
PUSA. Agricultural Research Institute——Catalogue of Indian Insects, Parts 13-17 (1928); Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Botanical Series, xiv, 7-8 (T. p. & c.) (1927); xv, 1-8 (1927-1928); Hntomological
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. lix.
Series, T. p. & c. for ix (1927); x, 1-6 (1927-1928); Scientific Reports, 1926- 27 (1928); Review of Agricultural Operations in India, 1926-27 (1928).
RENNES. Société Géologique et Minéralogique de Bretagne.—Bulletin, vii, 1926, 1-2 (1927).
RicHMoND, N.S.W. Hawkesbury Agricultural College—H.A.C. Journal, xxiv, 8 (1927); xxv, 1-7 (1928).
Rio DE JANEIRO. Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veterinaria.—Archivos, viii, 1-2 (C0, TOs 62 Gs) (GAT) Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.—Memorias, xx, 1927, 2 (T. p. & ec.) (1927).
San DIEGO. : San Diego Society of Natural History.—Transactions, v, 7-12 (1927-1928).
San FRANCISCO. California Academy of Sciences—Occasional Papers, xiii-xiv (1927-1928) ; Proceedings, Fourth Series, xvi, 19-24 (T. p. & ce.) (1927-1928).
SARATOV. Agricultural Experiment Station.—Journal fur Experimentale Landwirtschaft in Sudosten des Hur.-Russlands, iii, 1-2 (1926-1927). Biologische Wolga-Station.—Russische Hydrobiologische Zeitschrift, vi, 8-12 (4M; 1s 25) (Iz) 2 yiatl, ees 8) (GIS2%3))-
SEATTLE. Puget Sound Biological Station.—Publications, v, pp. 181-308, 309-396 (1927- 1928).
SENDAI. Tohoku Imperial University.—Science Reports, 2nd Series, ix, 3 (1928); x, 4 (40, io, es ©) (USA)? sah 4 (bw) s sieal Samay, iii, 2 Goze can Series, ih, 2 (1928), 3, Hase. 1-2 (1928), 4, Wase, 1 (1928).
SHARON. Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research.—Contributions, iii, 4 (1927); iv, 1-3 (1928).
SoFIA. Société Botanique de Bulgarie—Bulletin, i-ii (1926, 1928). Société Bulgare des Sciences Naturelles—Travaux, No. 13 (1928).
STAVROPOL. Societas Entomologica Stauropolitanae—Acta, i-ii and ? Supplement (1925- UGYAS)) 2 suis, We (405 7a, &e @5)) 8 hye IL (iig7).
St. Lovuts. Missouri Botanical Garden.—Annals, xiv, 3-4 (T. p. & ec.) (1927); xv, 1-2 (1928).
Ix. DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
STOCKHOLM. Oentralanstaltens Entomologiska Avdelning ExperimentalfaltetFlygblad fran Centralanstalten for Forsoksvasendet pa Jordbruksomradet, Nos. 58, 59, 62- 64, 77, 86, 92-95, 101, 115, 118, 121, 125-128, 130, 131 (1916-1928) ; Meddelanden fran Centralanstalten for Forsoksvasendet pa Jordbruksomradet, Nos. 152, 161, 164, 167, 209, 233; 247, 249, 252, 263, 265, 283, 287, 288, 298, 301, 315-317, 320, 324-331, 333, 334, 336, 337 (1917-1928).
Entomologiska Foreningen i Stockholm.—Entomologisk Tidskrift, xlviii, 1927, UeAb (40 To), 6315) (UOA0))
K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien.—Arkiv for Botanik, xxi, 2-4 (T. p. & ¢.) (1927-1928); Arkiv for Kemi. Mineralogi och Geologi, ix, 4 (T. p. & c.) (1928); Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik, xx, 1-3 (1927); Arkiv for Zoologi, xix, 1-4 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928); Arsbok, 1927 (1927); Hand- lingar, lvii, 1-9 (T. p. & c.) (1916-1917); Tredje Serien, iv, 1-9 (T. p. & c.) (1926-1928); v, 1-2 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928); Meddelanden, vi, 2 (1927); Skrifter i Naturskyddsarenden, Nos. 7-9 (1927-1928).
SYDNEY. Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14.—Scientific Reports, Series C, viii, 4 (1928).
Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science—Report of the xvilith Meeting, Vol. xviii, Perth, 1926 (1928).
Australian Museum.—Annual Report of the Trustees for Year ended 30th June. 1927 (1928); Australian Museum Magazine, iii, 5-8 (1928); Records, xvi, 2-7 (1928).
Australian National Research Council—Australian Science Abstracts, vii, 1-4 (1928).
Australian Veterinary Association.—Australian Veterinary Journal, iii, 4 (2, io, 6) COPD) 5 sky 1S (2B),
Botanic Gardens.—A Critical Revision of the Genus Hucalyptus, vii, 9 (1928), by J. H. Maiden, lately Govt. Botanist and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
- Department of Agriculture. N.S.W.—Agricultural Gazette of N.S.W., xxxviii, 2 (40, Ds 6 Ca) (UMA) § somsxibe, Talal (i928).
Department of Mines—Annual Report for the Year 1927 (1928).
Department of Mines, Geological Survey of N.S.W.—‘The Mineral Industry of N.S.W.”’, by HE. C. Andrews and Staff of Geological Survey (1928).
Department of Public Health.—Report of the Director-General of Public Health for the Year 1926 (1928).
Education Department—Education Gazette of New South Wales, xxi, 11-12 (4M is ee @)) C192) 3 xox, Jalil (1978).
Forestry Commission of New South Wales—Report for Period 1st July, 1926, to 31st December, 1927 (1928); The Australian Forestry Journal, x, 10-12 (Index) (11927); xi, 1-3 (1928).
Government Statistician.—Quarterly Statistical Bulletin, Nos. 206-209 (Sept., 1927-June, 1928) (1927-1928).
Institution of Engineers, Australia.—Quarterly Bulletin, v, 17, 19-20 (1928) ; Statement of Membership and List of Members as at 30th September, 1927 (1927).
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. 1xi.
Naturalists’ Society of New South Wales.—The Australian Naturalist, vii, 2-4 (1927-1928).
Public Library of New South Wales.—Annual Report of the Trustees for the Year ended 30th June, 1927 (1927).
Royal Society of New South Wales.—Journal and Proceedings, lxi, 1927 (1928).
Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales.—The Australian Zoologist, v, 2-3 (1928).
State Fisheries, Chief Secretary's Department.—Annual Report of the Fisheries of N.S.W., for the Years 1925 and 1926 (1926, 1927).
Technological Museum.—Ten reprints from Journ. Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., Ixi (1927).
The Medical Journal of Australia, 1927, ii, 23-27 (T. p. & c.) and Supplements isi (40s To, Ke @)) (OAV) 3 W92K3, th lets (4M 1s Ae @5)) (al24S)) 2 ai, tent (eR). University of Sydney—Calendar for the Year 1927 (1927).
TAIHOKU.
Government Research Institute: Department of Forestry.—Supplementa Iconum Plantarum Formosanarum, Part 4 (1928).
TASHKENT. Université de V Asie Centrale.—Bulletin, Livr. 16 (1927).
TOKYO.
Imperial Fisheries. Institute—Journal, xxiii, 2 (1927).
Imperial University of Tokyo.—Journal of the Faculty of Science, Section i, Mathematics, etc., i, 10 (1927); Section iii, Botany, i, 4 (1928).
National Research Council of Japan.—Japanese Journal of Botany, iii, 4.(T. p. & c.) (1927); iv, 1 (1928); Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, v, 3-4 (T. p. & c.) (1928); Japanese Journal of Zoology, i, 5-6 (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928).
Zoological Society of Japan.—Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, xi, 2-3 (1927).
TORONTO. Royal Canadian Institute Transactions, xvi, 2 (T. p. & ec.) (1928).
TOULOUSE. Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse—Bulletin, lvi, 1-3 (1927).
Trine, Herts. Zoological Museum.—Novitates Zoologicae, xxxiv, 2-3 (1928).
TRONDHJEM.
Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab.—Arsberetning, 1926 (1927); Skrifter, 1927 (1928).
TUNIS.
Institut Pasteur de Tunis.—Archives, xvi, 4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); xvii, 1-3 (1928).
xii. DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
UPSALA.
University of Upsala—Four pamphlets re Vierte Internationale Pflanzengeo- graphische Exkursion (1.P.H.) (1925); “Studies on Recent Cyclostomatous Bryozoa’’, by Folke Borg (Uppsala, 1926); “Zur Embryologie der Centro- spermen’’, by Thorsten Rocén (Uppsala, 1927).
URBANA. American Microscopical Society.—Transactions, xlvii, 1-3 (1928). University of Illinois.—Illinois Biological Monographs, xi, 1-2 (1927).
VIENNA. Naturhistorische Museum in Wien.—Annalen, xli, 1927 (1927). Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien.—Verhandlungen, 1lxxvii, 1927, 3-4 (T. p. & c.) (1927); Ixxvili, 1928, 1-2 (1928).
WARSAW. Musée Polonais @Histoire Naturelle-—Annales Zoologici, v, 4 (T. p. & e@.) (1926); vi, 1-3 (1927). Societas Botanica Poloniae.—Acta, iii, 2 (T. p. & c.) (1926); iv, 1 (1926); v, LOZ)
WASHINGTON.
Bureau of American Ethnology.—Bulletin 85 (1927).
Carnegie Institution of Washington.—Publications, Nos. 289, Vol. ii; 322B; 363, pp. 95-148 only (Contributions to Embryology Nos. 96-97); 375-376; 378-379; 380 (Contributions to Embryology, Nos. 103 and 108 only, being reprints of Vol. xix of Contributions to Embryology, Publications No. 380, pp. 149-175 and 285-300); 381 (1926-1928); Year Book, No. 26, 1926-1927 (1927).
National Academy of Sciences.—Proceedings, xiii, 10-12 (T.. p. & ec.) (1927); xiv, 1-9 (1928).
National Research Council— Organization and Members, 1927-1928 (1927).
Smithsonian Institution.—Annual Report of the Board of Regents for the Year ending June 30th, 1926 (1927).
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey: Department of Commerce.—Special Publica- tion No. 135 (1927).
U.S. Department of Agriculture—Year Book, 1927 (1928); Bureau of Entom- ology, Circulars, Nos. 7, 14, 18 (1927-1928); Farmers’ Bulletins, Nos. 1543, 1557, 1561, 1570 (1927-1928); Leaflet, No. 12 (1927); Miscellaneous Circular. No. 46 (Revised) (1928); Miscellaneous Publications, Nos. 5-6 (1927); Technical Bulletins, Nos. 15, 18-20, 25, 31, 34, 41, 42, 48, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60, 66 (1927-1928); Ten reprints from Journal of Agricultural Research, xxxiv, 4l HS soegy, dbo soon, 4% WF (Adel 7Ax3)).
U.S. Geological Survey.—Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Director for Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1927 (1927); Bulletins, Nos. 787, 788H-F, 792C (T. p. & c.), 798, 795D-H (T. p. & c.), T96A-D (T. p. & c.), TITA (1927-1928) ; Professional Papers, 141, 142H, 149, 150A-F (T. p. & c.), 151, 152 (1927- 1928); Water Supply Papers, 566, 569, 570, 571, 573, 574, 576, 577, 579, 582, 585, 587, 596C-H (T. p. & c.) (1927-1928).
U.S. National Museum.—Bulletin, Nos. 76, pt. ii; 100, Vol. vi, pt. 4; Vol. vii; 141-144 (1927-1928); Proceedings, T. p. & c. for Ixx (1927); Ixxi, Art. 24
DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES. lxili.
(No. 2696) (T. p. & Gc.) (1928); Ixxii, Arts. 1-25 (Nos. 2697-2721) (1927- 1928); Ixxiii, Arts. 1-11 (Nos. 2722-2732) (1928); Report for the Year ended June 30, 1927 (1927).
WELLINGTON.
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research: Geological Survey Branch.— Bulletin, N.S. Nos. 31-32 (1927); Twenty-second Annual Report (N.S.), 1927-1928 (1928).
Dominion Museum.—New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, ix, 4-6 (Index) (1927-1928); x, 1-2 (1928).
New Zealand Institute—Transactions and Proceedings, lviii, 3-4 (T. p. & ¢.) (1927-1928) ; lix, 1-2 (1928).
WELTEVREDEN.
Centraal Militair Geneeskundig Laboratorium.—Hight Separates: “Anopheles (Neomyzomyia) longirostris, n. sp. (Diptera, Culicidae)”, by S. L. Brug (Reprinted from Meded. Dienst Volks. in Ned.-Indié, 1928); “Hen Nieuwe Filaria-soort (Filaria malayi) etc.”, by S. L. Brug; “Filaria-onderzoek te Bireuen”, by Dr. A. Lichtenstein (From Genees. Tijd. voor Nederl.-Indié, 67, 5, 1927); “Notes on the Mosquitoes, collected by the New Guinea Ex- pedition in 1926”, by S. L. Brug (From Nova Guinea, xv, Zoologie, Livr. 3, 1927); “Remarks to the previous paper of Prof. Dr. W. H. Hoffmann’, by S. L. Brug (From Meded. Dienst der Volks. Ned.-Indié, xvii, 1, 1928) ; “Report of an investigation of a Malaria Epidemic in Solo, 1926”, by S. L. Brug and Dr. EB. W. Walch; “Report of some Experiments on the Efficiency as Insecticides of “Flit’, “Rids’’, etc.”, by S. L. Brug and Dr. J. van Slooten (From Meded. Dienst Volks. in Nederl.-Indié, Anno 1927); “Note sur deux cas d’infection balantidienne traités a la santonine”’, by S. L. Brug (From Bull. Soc. de Path. Exot., xx, 8, 1927).
Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederl.-Indie—Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, T. p. & c. for Ixxxvii (1927); Ixxxviili, 1-2 (1928).
Woops Hote. Marine Biological Laboratory.—Biological Bulletin, liii, 5-6 (T. p. & c.) (1927); Ins, Uk& (ANS We 4 Ga) (A) S Thy, dies} (CaL243)).
WORMLEY. The Hill Museum.—Bulletin, ii, 1-2 (1928).
PrivATE Donors (and authors, unless otherwise stated).
DALEY, CHARLES, B.A., F.L.S., Victoria—‘“The History of ‘Flora Australiensis’ ”’ (Reprinted from Vict. Nat., xliv, Nos. 3-10, 1927).
FereGuson, the late Dr. E. W., Sydney (donor).—‘“The British Medical Journal’, Nos. 3474-3481 (August 6th-Sept. 24th, 1927).
Froeeatr, W. W., F.L.S., Sydney.—‘‘Forest Insects and Timber Borers” (Sydney, 1927).
lxiv. DONATIONS AND EXCHANGES.
Hamitton, A. G., Sydney (donor).—‘“Devonian Floras”, by EH. W. Berry (From Amer. Journ. Sci., xiv, Aug., 1927); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, Ixxii, Art. 23 (No. 2719) (1927); U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, Professional Papers 91, 98L, M (1916).
”
Kuwana, I., Tokyo, Japan—‘‘The Diaspine Coccidae of Japan. v’; and “Aleyrodidae or White Flies attacking Citrus Plants in Japan’ (Scientific Bulletin No. 1, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agri- culture, Japan) (Tokyo, 1928).
Mackiin, Miss EHiten D., Adelaide, South Australia.—‘A Revision of the “Distyla Complex” of the Genus Casuarina” (From Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., li, 1927).
Meyrick, E., B.A., F.R.S., Marlborough, England.—‘Exotic Microlepidoptera’”, iii, 11-12 (1927).
Musson, C. T., Sydney (donor) —‘‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusks indigenous to, and naturalized in, the British Isles’, by Lovell Reeve (1863); Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information of Royal Gardens, Kew, 1893 (1893).
REYCHLER, LUCIEN, Belgium.—‘Mutation with Orchids” (Brussels, 1928).
Storey, H. H., M.A., Ph.D., Durban, South Africa.—‘Transmission Studies of Maize Streak Disease” (Reprinted from Annals of Applied Biology, xv, 1, Feb.,
1928). ®
TILLYARD, R. J., M.A., D.Sec., F.R.S., Nelson, New Zealand (donor).—‘Biological Control of St. John’s Wort” and “The Ancestry of the Order Hymenoptera”, by R. J. Tillyard (From N.Z. Journ. of Agric., July, 1927, and Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1927, pt. 2, Dec., 1927); “Notes on Nesomachilis maoricus Tillyard, with Particulars of a New Sense-organ”, by J. W. Evans (From Trans. N.Z. Inst., 58, 1927).
VETERINARY RESEARCH S7TatTion, Glenfield, N.S.W. (donor).—Science Bulletin No. 29 of the Department of Agriculture, N.S.W: (Veterinary Research Report No. 3, 1927). bid
LIST OF MEMBERS, 1928. ORDINARY MEMBERS.
*Albert, Michel Francois, ““Boomerang’’, Elizabeth Bay, Sydney.
Allen, Edmund, c/o Chief Engineer for Railways, Brisbane, Q.
Anderson, Charles, M.A., D.Se., Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney.
Anderson, Robert Henry, B.Se.Agr., Botanic’ Gardens, Sydney.
Andrews, Ernest Clayton, B.A., F.G.S., Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Sydney.
Armstrong, Jack Walter French, ‘“‘Callubri’, Nyngan, N.S.W.
Aurousseau, Marcel, B.Se.
Badham, Charles, M.B., Ch.M., B.Se., Bureau of Microbiology, 93 Macquarie Street, Sydney.
Baker, Richard Thomas, The Crescent, Cheltenham.
Barnard, Colin, M.Se., Commonwealth Research Station, Merbein, Vic.
Barnett, Marcus Stanley, c/o Colonial Sugar Refining Co., Ltd., O’Connell Street, Sydney.
Benson, Professor William Noel, B.A., D.Sc., F.G.S., University of Otago, Dunedin, N.Z.
Bingham, Mrs. J., B.Sc. (née Hall), Gosford, N.S.W.
Blakely, William Faris, Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Bone, Walter Henry, 6 Deans Place, Sydney.
Branch, Kenneth James Fergus, B.Sc., 99 North Steyne, Manly.
Breakwell, Ernest, B.A., B.Sec., Department of Education, Box 33A, G.P.O., Sydney.
Bredero, William Adrien Lewis, Box 127, Post Office, Orange, N.S.W.
Brewster, Miss Agnes A., 481 Alfred Street, North Sydney.
Brough, Patrick, M.A., B.Se., B.Se.Agr., “Kinross”, Billyard Avenue, Wahroonga.
Brown, Horace William, 871 Hay Street, Perth, W.A.
Brown, Miss Ida Alison, B.Se., Geology Department, The University, Sydney.
Browne, William Rowan, D.Se., Geology Department, The University, Sydney.
Burgmann, Rey. Ernest Henry, M.A., St. John’s Theological College, Morpeth, N.S. W.
Burkitt, Professor Arthur Neville St. George Handcock, M.B., B.Se., Medical School, The University, Sydney.
Burns, Alexander Noble, “‘Lucerne’’, Lower Ferntree Gully, Victoria.
Burrell, Harry, 19 Doncaster Avenue, Kensington.
Burrell, Mrs. Harry, 19 Doneaster Avenue, Kensington.
Buzacott, James Hardie, Meringa (private bag), via Cairns, North Queensland.
Campbell, John Honeyford, M.B.E., Royal Mint, Ottawa, Canada.
Campbell, Thomas Graham, Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney.
Carne, Walter Mervyn, Government: Botanist, Perth, W.A.
Carson, Duncan, c/o Winchecombe, Carson, Ltd., Bridge Street, Sydney.
Carter, Herbert James, B.A., F.E.S., “Garrawillah”’, Kintore Street, Wahroonga.
Cheel, Edwin, Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Chisholm, Edwin Claud, M.B., Ch.M., Comboyne, N.S.W.
Clarke, Harry Flockton, c/o Colonial Sugar Refining Co., Ltd., Rarawai Mill, Ba River, Fiji.
Cleland, Professor John Burton, M.D., Ch.M., The University, Adelaide, S.A.
Cooper, Mrs. A. G. S., B.Se. (née Henry), Ogilvie Street, Denman, N.S.W.
Cotton, Professor Leo Arthur, M.A., D.Se., Geology Department, The University, Sydney. 3
* Life Member.
Ixvi.
2928 1900 1925
1885
1925 1928
1881 1927 1921 1923 1926
1928 1920
1914
1908
1927 1920 1911 1886 1920
1927 1912 1928 1899 1923 1911
1910
1901
1911 1925 1909 OBES 1897 1885 1899 1928 1922
ILG)ILY 1911 1909 1913
1907 1892
1912
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Craft, Frank Alfred, ‘Kyla’, 24 Fourth Street, Ashbury.
Crago, William Henry, M.D., 185 Macquarie Street, Sydney.
Cunningham, Gordon Herriot, Department of Agriculture, Fields Division, Plant Research Station, P.O. Box 240, Palmerston North, N.Z.
David, Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth, K.B.E., C.M.G., D.S.O., B.A., D.Se., F.R.S., Sherbrook Road, Waitara.
de Beuzeville, Wilfred Alexander Watt, Tumut, N.S.W. ;
Dickson, Bertram Thomas, B.A., Ph.D., Chief of Division of Economic Botany, Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Canberra, F.C.T.
Dixson, Thomas Storie, M.B., Ch.M., 215 Macquarie Street, Sydney.
*Dixson, William, ‘‘Merridong’’, Gordon Road, Killara.
Dodd, Alan Parkhurst, Prickly Pear Laboratory, Sherwood, Brisbane, Q.
Drummond, Miss Heather Rutherford, “Ala’’, 15 Watson Street, Neutral Bay.
Dumigan, Edward Jarrett, Boys’ State School, Toowoomba North, Toowoomba, Queensland.
Durrell, Miss Hileen Leys, B.Sc., 345 Bridge Street, Drummoyne.
Dwyer, Rt. Rev. Joseph Wilfrid, Bishop of Wagga, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W.
Enright, Walter John, B.A., West Maitland, N.S.W.
Flynn, Professor Theodore Thomson, D.Sec., University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania.
Francis, William Douglas, Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Queensland.
Friend, Norman Bartlett, 48 Pile Street, Dulwich Hill.
Froggatt, John Lewis, B.Sc., Department of Agriculture, Brisbane.
Froggatt, Walter Wilson, F.L.S., Young Street, Croydon.
Furst, Herbert Charles.
Garde, Miss Mary Lee, ‘‘Wavertree’’, Kurraba Road, Neutral Bay.
Goldfinch, Gilbert M., ‘“iyndhurst’’, Salisbury Road, Rose Bay.
Goulston, Miss Daphne Lydia, B.Sc., ‘““Eden’’, Lang Road, Centennial Park, Sydney.
Grant, Robert, 24 Edward Street, Woollahra.
Gray, Archibald James, ‘‘Glendyne”’, Augusta Street, Concord.
Greenwood, William Frederick Neville, F.L.S., F.E.S., c/o Colonial Sugar Refining Co., Ltd., Lautoka, Fiji.
Griffiths, Edward, B.Sc., Department of Agriculture, 136 Lower George Street, Sydney.
Gurney, William Butler, B.Sc., F.E.S., Department of Agriculture, George Street North, Sydney.
Hacker, Henry, F.E.S., Queensland Museum, Bowen Park, Brisbane, Q.
Hale, Herbert Matthew, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, S.A.
Hall, Edwin Cuthbert, M.D., Ch.M., George Street, Parramatta.
Hall, Leslie Lionel, ‘““Haldor’, Drumalbyn Road, Bellevue Hill.
Halligan, Gerald H., F.G.S., ‘““Edgecombe’”’, Telegraph Road, Pymble.
Hamilton, Alexander Greenlaw, ‘‘Tanandra’’, Hercules Street, Chatswood.
Hamilton, Arthur Andrew, “The Ferns’’, 17 Thomas Street, Ashfield.
Hamilton, Edgar Alexander, 16 Hercules Street, Chatswood.
Hardwick, Frederick George, B.D.S., D.D.Sc., ““Wyoming’’, 175 Macquarie Street, Sydney.
Hardy, G. H. Hurlstone, The University, Brisbane, Q.
Haviland, The Venerable Archdeacon F. E., St. Stephen’s Rectory, Portland, N.S.W.
Henry, Max, D.S.O., M.R.C.V.S., B.V.Se., Coram Cottage, Essex Street, Epping.
Hill, Gerald F., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 314 Albert Street, Hast Melbourne, Victoria.
Hull, Arthur Francis Basset, Box 704, G.P.O., Sydney.
Hynes, Miss Sarah, B.A., “Isis”, Soudan Street, Randwick.
Irby, Llewellyn George, Forestry Department, Hobart, Tasmania. * Life Member.
LIST OF MEMBERS. lxvii.
Jackson, Sidney William, M.R.A.O.U., Belltrees, via Scone, N.S.W.
Jacobs, Ernest Godfried, ‘““Cambria’’, 106 Bland Street, Ashfield.
Johnston, Professor Thomas Harvey, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., The University, Adelaide, S.A.
Kinghorn, James Roy, Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney.
Lawson, Augustus Albert, 9 Wilmot Street, Sydney.
Lea, Arthur M., F.E.S., 241 Young Street, Unley, Adelaide, S.A.
Le Plastrier, Miss Constance Emily Mary, ‘‘Carinyah’’, Provincial Road, Lindfield.
Le Souef, Albert Sherbourne, C.M.Z.S., Zoological Gardens, Taronga Park, Mosman.
Lindergren, Gustaf Mauritz, Secretary, Swedish Chamber of Commerce, 42 Bridge Street, Sydney.
Lucas, Arthur Henry Shakespeare, M.A., B.Sc., “Girrahween’’, William Street, Roseville.
Mackerras, Ian Murray, M.B., Ch.M., B.Se., 82 New South Head Road, Vaucluse.
Mackinnon, Hwen, B.Sc., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 314 Albert Street, Hast Melbourne.
Mawson, Sir Douglas, Kt., D.Sc., B.E., F.R.S., The University, Adelaide, S.A.
McCarthy, Timothy, Department of Agriculture, George Street North, Sydney.
McDonnough, Thomas, L. S., ‘Iluka’, Hamilton Street, Randwick.
McHugh, Miss Mary Virgilius, St. Vincent’s College, Potts Point, Sydney.
McKeown, Keith Collingwood, Office of the Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission, Leeton, N.S.W.
McKie, Rev. Ernest Norman, The Manse, Guyra, N.S.W.
MecLuckie, John, M.A., D.Se., Botany Department, The University, Sydney.
MeNeill, Francis Alexander, Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney.
Mitchell, Miss Dora Enid, B.Sc., ‘““Wilga’’, Bradley Street, Goulburn.
Mungomery, Reginald William, c/o Sugar Experiment Station, Bundaberg, Queens- land.
Murray, Patrick Desmond Fitzgerald, D.Sc., Zoology Department, The University, Sydney.
Musgrave, Anthony, F.E.S., Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney.
Newman, Ivor Vickery, M.Sce., “Tip Tree’, Kingsland Road, Strathfield.
Newman, Leslie John William, F.E.S., “Walthamstowe’, 5 Bernard Street, Clare- mont, W.A.
Nicholson, Alexander John, M.Se., F.E.S., Zoology Department, The University, Sydney.
Noble, Robert Jackson, B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D., c/o Mining Museum, George Street North, Sydney.
North, David Sutherland, c/o Colonial Sugar Refining Co., Ltd., Broadwater Mill, Richmond River, N.S.W.
Northcroft, Earle Fead, ‘“Taumata’’, Bay View Road, Napier, New Zealand.
O’Dwyer, Margaret Helena, B.Se., Ph.D., Chemical Research Department, The University, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland.
Oke, Charles George, 56 Chaucer Street, St. Kilda, Victoria.
Oliver, Walter Reginald Brook, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Dominion Museum Wellington, N.Z.
Osborn, Professor Theodore George Bentley, D.Sc., F.L.S., Department of Botany, The University, Sydney.
Osborne, George Davenport, B.Se., Geology Department, The University, Sydney.
Perkins, Frederick Athol, B.Sc.Agr., Biology Department, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Q.
Petrie, Arthur Hill Kelvin, M.Se., Department of Botany, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria.
Phillips, Montagu Austin, F.L.S., F.E.S., 57 St. George’s Square, London, S8.W., England.
Pincombe, Torrington Hawke, B.A., Northwood Road, Northwood, N.S.W.
Pinkerton, Miss Ethel Corry, B.Se., Ashford Street, Ashfield.
lxviii. LIST OF MEMBERS.
1918
1924 1910
1927 1924
1925 1927
1919 1928 1922 1916 1887 1909 1928 1928 1916 1926 1898 1923 1905
i G)ilil 1904
1926 1904 1921
1902 1904
Priestley, Professor Henry, M.D., Ch.M., B.Se., Medical School, The University, Sydney.
Pritchard, Denis Adrian, M.B., Ch.M., B.Sc., H.M.A.S. Moresby, G.P.O., Sydney.
Pulleine, Robert Henry, M.B., Ch.M., 163 North Terrace, Adelaide, S.A.
Richardson, Keith Clifford, B.Sc., Zoology Department, The University, Sydney.
Roberts, Frederick Hugh Sherston, B.Sc., Prickly Pear Laboratory, Gogango, via Rockhampton, Queensland. . ;
Roughley, Theodore Cleveland, Technological Museum, Harris Street, Sydney.
Rupp, Rev. Herman Montagu Rucker, B.A., The Rectory, Paterson, N.S.W.
‘
Scammell, George Vance, B.Sc., ‘““Melrose’’, 18 Middle Head Road, Mosman.
Selby, Miss Doris Adeline, ‘““Marley’’, John Street, Gordon.
Shaw, Alfred Eland, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S., 11 Clanalpine Street, Mosman.
Shiels, Mrs. N. L., M.Sc., F.L.S. (née Collins), Norwood Avenue, Lindfield.
Sloane, Thomas G., F.E.S., Moorilla, Young, N.S.W.
Smith, G. P. Darnell, D.Sc., F.1.C., F.C.S., Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Smith, Jacob Harold, M.Sc., N.D.A., Court House, Cairns, N. Queensland.
Smith, Thomas Hodge, Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney.
Smith, Miss Vera Irwin, B.Se., F.L.S., “Cora Lynn’’, Point Road, Woolwich.
Stanley, George Arthur Vickers, B.Sc., “Clelands’, Battery Street, Randwick.
Stead, David G., ““Boongarre’”’, Pacific Street, Watson’s Bay.
Steel, Miss Jessie Keeble, B.Sc., ““Helensburgh’’, Marion Street, Killara.
Stokes, Edward Sutherland, M.B., Ch.M., Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board, 341 Pitt Street, Sydney.
*Sulman, Miss Florence, “Burrangong’’, McMahon’s Point.
Sussmilech, C. A., F.G.S., East Sydney Technical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney.
Taylor, Professor Thomas Griffith, D.Se., The University of Chicago, Chicago, Tll., U.S.A.
Tillyard, Robin John, M.A., D.Sce., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.H.S., C.M.Z.S., Chief Common- wealth Entomologist, Canberra, F.C.T.
«Troughton, Ellis Le Geyt, Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney.
Turner, A. Jefferis, M.D., F.E.S., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Q.
Turner, Rowland E., F.Z.S., F.E.S., The Needles Hotel, Port St. John’s, Pondoland, South Africa.
Veitch, Robert, B.Sc., F.E.S., Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Queensland.
Walker, Commander John James, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., R.N., “Aorangi”’, Lonsdale Road, Summertown, Oxford, England.
Walkom, Arthur Bache, D.Sc., Macleay House, 16 College Street, Sydney.
Wardlaw, Henry Sloane Halcro, D.Sc., Physiology Department, The University, Sydney.
Waterer, Arthur S., “Cisco”, 6 Everton Street, Hamilton, Newcastle, N.S.W.
*Waterhouse, G. Athol, D.Sc., B.E., F.H.S., Macleay House, 16 College Street, Sydney.
Waterhouse, Lionel Lawry, B.E., “Rarotonga’’, 42 Archer Street, Chatswood.
Waterhouse, Walter Lawry, B.Sc.Agr., “Hazelmere’’, Chelmsford Avenue, Roseville.
Watt, Professor Robert Dickie, M.A., B.Sc., University of Sydney.
Wearne, Walter Loutit, ““‘Telarah’’, Collingwood Street, Drummoyne.
Weekes, Miss Hazel Claire, B.Sc., Zoology Department, The University, Sydney.
Welch, Marcus Baldwin, B.Sc., A.I.C., Technological Museum, Harris Street, Sydney.
White, Cyril Tenison, F.L.S., Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Q.
Whitley, Gilbert Percy, Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney.
Williams, Miss May Marston, M.Sc., “Bingera’’, 33 Day Street, Drummoyne.
Willings, Mrs. H., B.A. (née Wood), The Manse, Kurri Kurri, N.S.W.
Woolnough, Walter George, D.Sc., F.G.S., Park Avenue, Gordon.
Wright, Fred, c/o Messrs. Elliott Bros., Ltd., O’Connell Street, Sydney.
Wymark, Frederick, 89 Castlereagh Street, Sydney.
* Life Member.
1888 1902 1902
1902 1893
LIST OF MEMBERS. ]xix.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Hill, Professor J. P., Institute of Anatomy, University of London, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C.1, England.
Wilson, Professor J. T., LL.D., M.B., Ch.M., F.R.S., Department of Anatomy, the New Museums, Cambridge, England.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Bale, W. M., F.R.M.S., 63 Walpole Street, Kew, Melbourne, Victoria.
Broom, Robert, M.D., D.Se., F.R.S., Douglas, Cape Colony, South Africa.
McAlpine, D., Government Vegetable Pathologist, Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, Victoria.
Meyrick, Hdward, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough, Wilts, England.
Spencer, Professor Sir Walter Baldwin, K.C.M.G., D.Se., F.R.S., The National Museum, Melbourne, Victoria.
INDEX.
(1928)
(a) GENERAL INDEX.
Address, Chairman’s i—Presidential, ix.
Alexander, C. P., Australasian Species of the Genus Nemopalpus (Psychodidae, Diptera), 291—Crane-flies (Tipulidae, Diptera) from Barrington Tops, N.S.W., 51—The Tanyderidae of Australia (Diptera), 367.
Andrews, E. C., congratulations to, iii.
Asilidae, Australian, 469.
Australasian Association for the Advance- ment of Science, Hobart, ii.
Australian, Asilidae, 469—Bombyliidae, revision, Pt. i, 90; Pt. ii, 413—Cole- optera, 1—Diptera, 295, 319, 343, 598, 651—Erirhinides, New Species, 375— Lycaenidae, Pt. vi, 401—Mydaidae, New, 539—White Beech, Vegetative Anatomy, 474,
Baker, R. T., see Exhibits.
Balance Sheets, 1927, xxxii-xxxiv.
Bancroft, T. L., On the Life-history of Ceratodus, 315.
Barnard, C., congratulations to, iii; xxxv —letter returning thanks, xxxvi.
Bertram, B., reference to death, xl.
Blakely, W. F., Loranthaceae of Aus- eb, IPE, wally eile
Blanchard, F. N., see Exhibits.
Bombyliidae, Australian, Revision, Pt. i, Oe IPE wn, 418.
Breakwell, E., congratulations to, xliii— letter returning thanks, xlv.
Brown, Ida A., Linnean Macleay Fellow in Geology, Geology of the South Coast of N.S.W. Pty oi: The Palaeozoic Geology of the Moruya District, 151— reappointed, 1928-29, viii—reappointed, 1929-30, xlv—summary of year’s work, viii—see Exhibits.
Browne, W. R., congratulations to, xli— elected President, xxxv.
Buprestid, a New, from Australia, 456.
Buprestidae, Description of a New Genus and Species, 544.
Burgmann, Rev. E. H., elected a member, XXXVIii.
Caladenia, 551.
Cambage, R. H., elected a Vice-President, xxxv—reference to death, xlv—resolu- tion passed, xlvi.
Captain Cook, celebration of bicentenary of birth, xlii.
Carboniferous Rocks, between Glennies Creek and Muscle Creek, Hunter River District, N.S.W., 565—in the Muswell- brook-Scone District, 588.
Carter, H. J., elected a Vice-President, xxxv—Revision of MHesthesis (Fam. Cerambycidae), together with the
Description of a New Genus and Species of the Buprestidae, 544—Re- vision of the Australian Species of the Genera Curis, Neocuris and Trachys, together with Notes and Descriptions of New Species of other Coleoptera, 270.
Ceratodus, Life-history, 315.
Chairman’s Address, i.
Cheel, E., elected Hon. Treasurer, xliii— see Exhibits.
Cockerell, T. D. A., short address on “‘Wild Bees’, XXXvi.
Coleoptera, Australian, 1—Notes Descriptions of New Species, 270.
Conifers, Australian Araucarian, Growth Rings in Wood of, 71.
Cooksey, D. F., obituary notice, iii.
Corysanthes, 551—Review of Australian Species, 80.
Cox River Basin, Physiography, 207.
Craft, F. A., Physiography of the Cox River Basin, 207—Physiography of the Wollondilly River Basin, 618.
Crane-flies from Barrington Tops, N.S.W., 51.
Curis, Revision of Australian Species of, 270.
and
Danes, Prof. J. V., XXXVIi.
David, Sir T. W. E., see Exhibits.
Dickson, B. T., elected a member, xliii.
Diptera, Australian, 295, 319, 343, 598, 651.
reference to death,
INDEX.
Donations and Exchanges, xxxy-xxxviii, xl-xliii, xlv, xlvii.
Doryanthes excelsa, Life-history, Pt. i, 499. Durrell, XXXViil.
Hileen L., elected a member,
Hlections, xxxi, xxxXv.
Elizabeth Bay property vacated, i. Erirhinides, Australian New Species, 375. Exchange relations, ii.
Exhibits :—
Baker, R. T., Leaf and fruit of Huca- lyptus wunialata, from sub-tropical gardens at Weymouth, England, xliii.
Blanchard, F. N., Specimens of frog (Crinia tasmaniensis), collected in Tasmania, xxxvi.
Brown, Ida A., Specimens of Spirifer disjuncta from the Devonian quartz- ites of the Moruya District, xxxviii.
David, Sir T. W. E., Specimens of com- paratively well preserved appendages and carapaces of fossil Merostomata, almost certainly Hurypterids, from the Pre-Cambrian or “Lipalian” Adelaide Series, xliii—Specimens of recent extensive fauna of archi- annelids and archiarthropods found by him, xxxvii.
Cheel, E., Fresh flowering specimen of “Spear Thistle’ (Carduus lanceolata) with white flowers, xxxvi—Live plants of a native “Buttercup” (Ranunculus sp.), xxxvii—Specimens of a native “Buttercup” (Ranuncu- lus sp.) Showing further development and variation, xlv—Specimens of Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana Poiss., collected at Angourie near Maclean in July, 1927; also a seed- ling raised from seed collected at the same time, xl.
Froggatt, W. W., Casuarina galls, made by an unknown Chalcid, from Huston on the Lower Murray, xlv— Foliage of the ‘“Boree”’ (Acacia Oswaldi), aborted with blister-like galls by a small Thrips, xxxvii.
Hull, A. F. B., Specimens of a Loricate (Acanthozostera gemmata) from Erromanga, New Hebrides, xxxviii.
McKeown, K. C., Specimens of hairy brown Cypress Pine aphis (Dilachnus callitris), xliv.
Musgrave, A., Specimens of Capsid bugs, Calocoris norwegicus Gmelin 1790 = bipunctatus Fabricius 1781 (nom. praeocc.) from West Devon- port, Tasmania, xxxviii.
Nicholson, A. J., Series of lantern slides in illustration of the Genus Hesthesis
exoxcl
dealt with in the paper by Mr. H. J. Carter, xlv—Several lantern slides of the “glow-worm” which occurs in some gullies on the Blue Mountains, xliii.
Shaw, A. H., Series of photographs of Thrips, very greatly enlarged, taken by Mr. Dudley Moulton, x1.
Stead, D. G., a number of fancy gold- fish (Carassius auratus, var.), xli— Attention called to early appearance of the common bladder weed or balloon weed, xlii—mRemarkable knitted sling obtained by him in Malacca (British Malaya), xliv.
Walkom, A. B., Specimen of a Lepido- dendron stem with leaves attached; some Lepidodendroid remains col- lected near Eden, xl.
Waterhouse, G. A., Flowering specimens of Acacia adenophora, xl.
Whitley, G. P., Specimen of a Dragonet (Callionymus macdonaldi Ogilby) from Taree, N.S.W., xlv.
Ferguson, EH. W., obituary notice, iv.
Fossil Plants from, Plutoville, Cape York Peninsula, 145—the Hsk District, Queensland, 458—Upper Palaeozoic Rocks of N.S.W., 255.
Francis, W. D., Features of the Vegeta- tive Anatomy of the Australian White Beech (Gmelina Leichhardtii), 474— Growth Rings in Wood of Australian Araucarian Conifers, 71.
Froggatt, W. W., see Exhibits. Glossopteris Flora in N.S.W., Some Additions to, 555. Gmelina Leichharatii,
omy, 474.
Goulston, Daphne L., elected a member,
BXOXOXG VIE
Vegetative Anat-
Greig-Smith, R., Macleay Bacteriologist to the Society, summary of work, leave of absence and death, vii—
obituary notice, v.
Hamilton, A. G., elected a Vice-President, XOXONGV
Hamilton, E. A., elected a member, xlii.
Hardy, G. H., Third Contribution towards a New Classification of Australian Asilidae, 469.
Harrison, L., obituary notice, v—Presi- dential Address, ix—reference to death, i—resolution passed re death of, xxxi.
Haswell, W. A., memorial notice, 485.
Hemiphlebia mirabilis, Larva, 193.
Hesthesis, Revision, 544.
Hopson, J., reference to death, xxxvili.
1xxil.
Host and Parasite, ix. Hull, A. F. B., elected a Vice-President, xxxv—see Exhibits.
Increase in size of volume of Proceed- ings, il.
Inquiry re the existence of portraits and
- busts of Australians of scientific im- portance, xl.
International, Botanical Congress, Fifth, reference to, xxxvi—Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, amendments to, xxxix.
Kangaroos, Notes on four little-known Species of, 397.
Kinghorn, J. R., congratulations to, xli.
Lea, A. M., New Species of Australian Erirhinides (Curculionidae), 375. Lepidodendroid Remains from Yalwal,
N.S.W., 310. Le Souef, A. S., Notes on four little- known Species of Kangaroos, 397. Life Membership, ii.
Linnean Macleay Fellowships, applica- tions invited, xlii, xliii—reappoint- ments, 1928-29, viii—reappointments, 1929-30, xlv.
Liversidge, A., reference to death, iii. Loranthaceae of Australia, Pt. vii, 31. Lycaenidae, Australian, Pt. vi, 401.
Mackerras, I. M., Linnean Macleay Fellow in Zoology, leave of absence and resignation, viii.
Mackerras, I. M., congratulations to, xli, xlii—elected to Council, xxxv—New Australian Mydaidae (Diptera), 539.
Macleay Bacteriologist, applications in- vited, xxxvi.
Malloch, J. R., Notes on Australian Diptera, No. xiv, 295;. No. xv, 319; No. xvi, 343; No. xvii, 598; No. xviii, 651.
Mawson, Sir D., congratulations to, iii.
McKeown, K. C., see Exhibits.
Memorial Series, notice of institution of
Series, xxxXvi.
Memorial Series, No. 1.
485.
Mitchell, J., obituary notice, vii.
Moruya District, Palaeozoic Geology of,
ibpil
Musgrave, A., see Exhibits.
Mydaidae, Australian, New, 539.
Haswell, W. A.,
Nemopalpus, Australasian Species, 291.
Neocuris, Revision of Australian Species or, Ao.
Newman, I. V., congratulations to, xxxv —letter returning thanks, xxxvi—Life- history of Doryanthes excelsa. Pt. i. Some Ecological and Vegetative Features and Spore Production, 499.
INDEX.
Nicholls, W. H., see Rupp, Rev. H. M. R., and W. H. Nicholls.
Nicholson, A. J., elected to Council, iii —see Hxhibits.
Obituary notices, D. F. Cooksey, iii— EK. W. Ferguson, iv—R. Greig-Smith, v —L. Harrison, v—J. Mitchell, vii.
Oke, C., Notes on Australian Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species. Pt. repel ig
Oliver, W. R. B., congratulations to, xliii —letter returning thanks, xlv.
Orchids, Terrestrial, of Barrington Tops, N.S.W., 336.
Osborn, T. G. B., congratulations to, iii.
Osborne, G. D., Carboniferous Rocks be- tween Glennies Creek and Muscle Creek, Hunter River District, N.S.W., 565— Carboniferous Rocks in the Muswell- brook-Scone District, with Special Reference to their Structural Relations, 588—congratulations to, xli.
Parasite, and Host, ix.
Petrie, A. H. K., congratulations to, iii.
Petrie, J. M., reference to death, iii.
Pratt, Della L., elected a member, xli.
Presidential Address, ix.
Proclamation for further protection of wild flowers, xxxviii.
Pterostylis, 55.
Roberts, F. H. S., Revision of the Aus- tralian Bombyliidae (Diptera). Pt. i, Qs Ii, wi, Zobsy
Roughley, T. C., congratulations to, xli.
Rupp, Rev. H. M. R., Notes on Cory- santhes and some Species of Pterostylis and Caladenia, 551—Terrestrial Orchids of Barrington Tops, N.S.W., 336.
Rupp, Rev. H. M. R., and W. H. Nicholls, Review of the Australian Species of Corysanthes (Orchidaceae), 80.
Science House scheme, ii.
Shaw, A. E., see Exhibits.
Smith, J. H., elected a member, xxxv.
Smith, R. Greig, see under Greig-Smith, 18.
Smith, T. H., elected a member, xli.
South Coast of N.S.W., Geology, Pt. i, 151).
Stead, D. G., see Exhibits.
Sussmilch, C. A., congratulations to, iii.
Tanyderidae of Australia (Diptera), 367.
Taylor, Prof. G., congratulations to, xli —letter returning thanks, xlii.
Thery, A., A new Buprestid from Aus- tralia, 456.
INDEX.
Tillyard, R. J., congratulations to, iii— Larva of Hemiphlebia mirabilis Selys (Odonata), 193.
Trachys, Revision of Australian Species of, 270.
Troughton, E. Le G., congratulations to, xabi,
Waite, E. R., reference to death, iii.
Walkom, A. B., Fossil Plants from Pluto- ville, Cape York Peninsula, 145— Fossil Plants from the Hsk District, Queensland, 458—Fossil Plants from Upper Palaeozoic Rocks of N.S.W., 255 —Lepidodendroid Remains from Yal- wal, N.S.W., 310—Notes on some Additions to the Glossopteris Flora in N.S.W., 555—see Exhibits.
Walter Burfitt Prize, xli.
Wardlaw, H. S. H., congratulations to, xli.
Waterhouse, G. A.,
xlii—elected Hon. Treasurer, xxxv— Notes on Australian Lycaenidae. Pt. vi, 401—rresignation as Hon. Treasurer,
xliii—see Exhibits.
congratulations to,
Ixxili.
Waterhouse, L. L., congratulations to, xli —elected a member, xli.
Weekes, H. Claire, Linnean Macleay Fellow in Zoology, reappointed, 1928- 29, viii—reappointed, 1929-30, xly— summary of year’s work, viii.
Welch, M. B., congratulations to, xli.
Welch, W., reference to death, xxxvi.
White Beech, Australian, Vegetative Anatomy, 474.
Whitelegge, T., reference to death, iii.
Whitley, G. P., see Exhibits.
Wild Bees, address on, xxxvi.
Wild Flowers, proclamation re protection, ii.
Williams, May M., Linnean Macleay Fellow in Botany, summary of year’s work, viii.
Williams, T. A., elected a member, xxxy.
Wollondilly River Basin, Physiography, 618.
Woolnough, W. G., congratulations to, iii.
Zoological Nomenclature, International Rules, amendments to, xxxix.
(b) BIOLOGICAL INDEX.
New names are printed in SMALL CAPITALS.
Abispa splendida . 186 Actina opposita ,. S08 Agieilassie, - 5 OAM) Acacia adenophora oA >| victoriae plate . 364 Agriocnemis ., LSB Baileyana xl,xlv Acuaria quadriloba _xxii Agrion 50 alte Cunninghami _ 404 Acucula _ 304 splendens . 203 dealbata Pe bP xe Li saltans ee 04a otis ny [ie so JL hapvophyila =. 25 2) 46 Adaluma urumelia __ . 403 Alemeonis paradoxus .. 288 melanoxylon _ 411 Adelium e286 RUFO-VITTIS Ted as wee mollissima xly ABNORME . 285 Allocotosia . 609, 610 Oswaldi XXXvii SPINICOLLE .. 285 Allognosta . 365 ? penninervis 5 aS striatum .. 285 Alophora eGo: ramulosa em ame violaceum . 285 auriventris 50 Oa SD ae 42,48 Adenochilus 1). 3400” Amaryemus . 287 Acanthocheilus oy SL Nortonii . 338,342 Amblypone australis 13, 20-1 Acanthozostera gemmata Adeolus .. 473 obscurus eee e411223, XXXVili Adiantites SoS : Acephana oe Weal adiantoides 4) 463 eee 3 Ns (es ei rubrifrons .. 651 Aeglea laevis Pexexayi SIRES " 65y Achias Pe ero eA apDetem alniComan ss 544-5 1 3 "659 ; rs ete eonina Se Acicalyptus Fullagrii .. 36-7 carissima 544-5 parva 614. 652 Acracantha sydneyensis 51 kreusleri 544-5 Stictica . ; 652 Actia 5. wil VEStitagme eas. Ale ee 4: aan "6592 eucosmae .. 651 Agathis microstachya HALES Amphibolia 615, 652-3 fergusoni ,, (65Il Palmerstoni .. me fe fulvipes 652 valida 55 DIL robusta 12, 16 speciosa i; 652 659 Actina 363-4 Agave 499 Sarena: 5 ( 652 filipalpis nea Be! americana ag, ASS ee 4 fusciventris aes attenuata | 523,531 Amplipila .. 652 incisuralis Gs clorantha 523 versicolor . 652 nigricornis .. _. 364 is) 0) 0 ee 512 Anagonia .. 652 nitidithorax .. . 364 Virginica 530-1 spylosioides .